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Religious Freedom in Labor Law and the Specifics of Employment in Religious Institutions

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32084/bsawp.9773  [Google Scholar]
Published: 2025-09-10

Abstract

This article examines the protection of religious freedom within labor law, focusing on employment in religious institutions. Religious freedom is analyzed as a fundamental human right, safeguarded by both the Polish Constitution and international legal instruments. The study discusses how this right operates within employment relationships and the obligations imposed on both state authorities and private entities to respect it. Special attention is given to the exceptions to the principle of equal treatment in employment, allowing religious organizations to consider faith or worldview as a genuine occupational requirement. The analysis includes national legal regulations and Council Directive 2000/78/EC, emphasizing that any differentiation based on religion must be lawful, justified, proportionate, and directly connected to the nature of the work. Furthermore, the article explores the duty of loyalty to the ethical principles of religious organizations and its implications for employment termination. The authors conclude that a careful balance between the autonomy of religious entities and the protection of workers’ rights is essential for ensuring compliance with both constitutional and labor law standards.

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