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Językoznawstwo baner

Nr 3/28 (2026)

Artykuły

Dlaczego „co” jest trudniejsze niż „gdzie” w dwujęzyczności polsko-mandaryńskiej: Złożoność a selektywny wpływ międzyjęzykowy w rozwoju pytań szczegółowych

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25312/j.10698  [Google Scholar]
Opublikowane: 23.10.2026

Abstrakt

Artykuł dotyczy przyswajania pytań szczegółowych przez dziecko dwujęzyczne polsko-mandaryńskie (2;0–3;1)
i pokazuje, jak złożoność kształtuje wpływ międzyjęzykowy. Analiza opiera się na longitudinalnym korpusie
naturalnych interakcji. Badanie koncentruje się na kontraście między pytaniami typu „co” (pol. co, mand.
shénme) i “gdzie” (pol. gdzie, mand. nǎlǐ) w wypowiedziach polskich, mandaryńskich oraz w wypowiedziach
z polską ramą zdaniową i wtrąceniami z mandaryńskiego (code-mixing). Zastosowano dwie miary: (1) złożoność
derywacyjną (liczbę zależności przestawieniowych) oraz (2) złożoność reorganizacji cech (inwentarz cech, markowanie konstrukcyjne i obciążenie relacji znaczenie–forma).
Wyniki pokazują wyraźną asymetrię, której nie wyjaśnia sama dominacja językowa. W wypowiedziach ukierunkowanych na polszczyznę pytania typu „co” częściej przejmują rozwiązania mandaryńskie (wyrazy pytajne z mandaryńskiego i realizacje in situ), natomiast pytania typu „gdzie” częściej zachowują polską strategię frontingu nawet przy użyciu mandaryńskiego materiału leksykalnego. W wypowiedziach ukierunkowanych na mandaryński wpływ polski jest bardziej widoczny w domenie „gdzie” niż „co”. Wzorzec ten jest zgodny z ujęciem reorganizacji cech: polska domena „co” wiąże się z większym obciążeniem mapowania (m.in. przez alternacje przypadkowe), podczas gdy domena „gdzie” jest morfologicznie stabilna.

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