Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

No. 2(13) (2020)

Artykuły

Entangled memory. Remarks on a memory of mass murders in Indonesia in 1965

Published: 2020-12-31

Abstract

The article aims to present the problems of conflicted memories about mass murders of communists and suspected communist sympathisers in Indonesia in 1965 in the context of unsettled traumatical past and social denial. The author outlines some questions of difficulties in settling the past crimes of the Suharto regime, such as the tangled practices of remembering and forgetting, nationalism and history gaps in history school books, and the inability to shame and to take a responsibility for past crimes. In Indonesia, still the grand national narration is visible, in which the army headed by General Suharto protected the state from the communist treachery. This narration persistently obscures the approximately one million deaths, torture and imprisonment of thousands of people. The tangled memory, social denial and actively generated silence which are maintained by both state and society do not let the Indonesian nation to move forward.

References

  1. Abdullah Taufik (1990), Sejarah Lokal di Indonesia: kumpulan tulisan, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. [Google Scholar]
  2. Adam Asvi Warman (2009), Membongkar Manipulasi Sejarah: Kontroversi Pelaku dan Peristiwa, Jakarta: Gramedia. [Google Scholar]
  3. Adam Aswi Warman (2019), Suharto’s grievous human rights abuses. The case of Buru island, w: Saskia Eleonora Wieringa, Jess Melvin, Annie Pohlman (red.), The International People’s Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian Genocide, Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aritonang Margareth S. (2020), Different names for the same thing: New Order still lingers 22 years after Soeharto’s fall, „The Jakarta Post”, Thu, May 21, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/21/different-names-for-the-same-thing-new-order-still-lingers-22-yearsafter-soehartos-fall.html? (dostęp 22.05.2020). [Google Scholar]
  5. Ali Moertopo (2005) The Floating Mass, w: D. Bourchier, V. R. Hadiz (red.), Indonesian Politics and Society. A Reader, London–New York: RoutledgeCurzon. [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson Benedict, McVey Ruth, Bunnell Frederick (1971), A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia, Modern Indonesia Project, New York: Ithaca, Cornell University. [Google Scholar]
  7. Aryono Oleh (2016), Problem Historiografi Indonesia, https://historia.id/politik/articles/problemhistoriografi-indonesia-DEZ47 (dostęp 18.10.2020). [Google Scholar]
  8. Baskara Tulus Wardaya (2011), Suara di Balik Prahara. Berbagi Narasi tentang Tragedi ’65, Jakarta: Galang Press. [Google Scholar]
  9. Bauman Zygmunt (1991), Nowoczesność i Zagłada, tłum. Franciszek Jaszuński, Warszawa: Fundacja Kulturalna Masada. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bourdieu Pierre (1991), Language and Symbolic Power, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
  11. Boym Svetlana (2001), The Future of Nostalgia, New York: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]
  12. Budiardjo Carmel (1996), Surviving Indonesia’s Gulag: A Western Woman Tells Her Story, London: Cassell. [Google Scholar]
  13. Burszta Wojciech Józef, Dobrosielski Paweł, Jaskułowski Krzysztof, Majbroda Katarzyna, Majewski Piotr, Rauszer Michał (2019), Naród w szkole. Historia i nacjonalizm w polskiej edukacji szkolnej, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra. [Google Scholar]
  14. Bustam Mia (2008), Dari Kamp ke Kamp: Cerita Seorang Perempuan, Stanley Y. Adi Prasetyo (red.), Jakarta: Kerjasama Spasi & VHR Book. [Google Scholar]
  15. Carretero Mario, Asensio Mikel, Rodríguez-Moneo María (red.) (2012), History Education and the Construction of National Identities, Information Age Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  16. Cribb Robert (1990) (red.), The Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966: Studies from Java and Bali, Clayton: Monash University Center of Southeast Asian Studies. [Google Scholar]
  17. Cribb Robert (2002), Unresolved problems in the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, „Asian Survey”, vol. 42, No. 4, s. 550–563. [Google Scholar]
  18. Cribb Robert (2004), The Indonesian Massacres, w: Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (red.), Century of Genocide (3rd ed.), New York–London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. [Google Scholar]
  19. Dwyer Leslie, Santikarma Degung (2003), „When the world turned into chaos”. 1965 and its aftermath in Bali, Indonesia, w: Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (red.), The specter of genocide. Mass murder in historical perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  20. Głąb Katarzyna Marta (2019), Mechanizmy indonezyjskiej zbrodni z 1965 r. w świetle najnowszych ustaleń, „Sprawy Międzynarodowe”, t. 72, nr 3, s. 197–220. [Google Scholar]
  21. Hearman Vanessa (2018), Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia, Singapore : NUS Press. [Google Scholar]
  22. Heryanto Ariel (1999), Where Communism never dies. Violence, trauma and narration in the last Cold War capitalist authoritarian state, „International Journal of Cultural Studies”, Vol. 2 (2), s. 147–177 [1367-8779(199908)2:2; 147–177; 008929]. [Google Scholar]
  23. Intan Umbari Prihatin (2020), CEK FAKTA: Hoaks Surat MUI Agar Ulama Hati-hati dan Melawan Saat Rapid Test, Portal Merdeka, https://www.merdeka.com/cek-fakta/cekfakta-hoaks-surat-mui-agar-ulama-hati-hati-dan-melawan-saat-rapid-test.html (dostęp 16.09.2020). [Google Scholar]
  24. Jaskułowski Krzysztof, Majewski Piotr, Surmiak Adrianna (2018), Teaching the nation: history and nationalism in Polish school history education, „British Journal of Sociology of Education”, 39 (1), s. 77–91. [Google Scholar]
  25. Kammen Douglas, McGregor Katharine (2012) (red.), The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia: 1965–1968, Singapore: NUS Press. [Google Scholar]
  26. Kessler Jonathan (1978), Indonesia’s tropical Gulag, „ Index on Censorship”, 7 (5), s. 22–29. [Google Scholar]
  27. Klinken Gerry van (2001), The Battle for History After Suharto: Beyond Sacred Dates, Great Men, and Legal Milestones, „Critical Asian Studies”, 33 (3), s. 323–350. [Google Scholar]
  28. Kolimon Mery, Wetangterah Liliya (2012), Memori-memori terlarang perempuan korban & penyintas tragedi ‘65 di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kupang: Yayasan Bonet Pinggupir. [Google Scholar]
  29. Krisdianto Heru (2015) (red.), Memoar Oei Hiem Hwie. Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Medayu Agung, Surabaya: Wastu Lanas Grafika. [Google Scholar]
  30. Leksana Grace (2020a), A Daughter’s Memory: 1965 in Animation, Archipel [Online], 99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.1667. [Google Scholar]
  31. Leksana Grace (2020b), Collaboration in Mass Violence: The Case of the Indonesian Anti-Leftist Mass Killings in 1965–66 in East Java, „Journal of Genocide Research”, DOI: 10.1080/14623528.2020.1778612. [Google Scholar]
  32. Lemelson Robert, Supartini Ninik, Ng Emily (2010), Ethnographic Case Study: Anak PKI: A Longitudinal Case Study of the Effects of Social Ostracism, Political Violence, and Bullying on an Adolescent Javanese Boy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  33. Lestariningsih Amuwani Dwi (2011), Gerwani: kisah tapol wanita di Kamp Plantungan, Penerbit Buku Kompas. [Google Scholar]
  34. Lis Marianna (2018), The History of Loss and the Loss of History: Papermoon Puppet Theatre Examines the Legacies of the 1965 Violence in Indonesia, w: Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, Annie Pohlman (red.), The Indonesian genocide of 1965. Causes, dynamics and legacies, Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  35. Mariana Ana (2015), Perbudakan Seksual: Perbandingan antara Masa Fasisme Jepang dan Neofasisme Orde Baru, Tangerang: Marjin Kiri. [Google Scholar]
  36. McGregor Katherine (2007), History in Uniform. Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia’s Past, Singapore: NUS Press. [Google Scholar]
  37. McGregor Katharine, Setiawan Ken (2019), Shifting from International to „Indonesian” Justice Measures: Two Decades of Addressing Past Human Rights Violations, „Journal of Contemporary Asia”, 49 (5), s. 837–861. [Google Scholar]
  38. Melvin Jess (2018), The army and the Indonesian genocide. Mechanics of mass murder, London–New York: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  39. Modrzejewski Filip, Sznajderman Monika (2002) (red.), Nostalgia. Eseje o tęsknocie za komunizmem, Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne. [Google Scholar]
  40. Moeljono Djoko Sri (2017), Pembuangan Pulau Buru. Dari Barter ke Hukum Pasar, Bandung: Ultimus. [Google Scholar]
  41. Naredi Hari (2019), Pendidikan sejarah perjuangan bangsa (PSPB) dan dekonstruksi Sejarah indonesia pada masa orde baru. HISTORIA: „Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah”, 3 (1), s. 33–43, DOI: 10.17509/historia. v3i1.20731. [Google Scholar]
  42. Nijakowski Lech (2008), Polska polityka pamięci. Esej socjologiczny, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne. [Google Scholar]
  43. Peterson Daniel (2020), Islam, Blasphemy, and Human Rights in Indonesia. The Trial of Ahok, London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  44. Philpott Simon (2018), This stillness, this lack of incident: making conflict visible in West Papua, „Critical Asian Studies”, 50 (2), s. 259–277. [Google Scholar]
  45. Pohlman Annie (2014), Women, sexual violence and the Indonesian killings of 1965–66, Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  46. Pohlman Annie (2017), Sexual Violence as Torture: Crimes against Humanity during the 1965–66 Killings in Indonesia, „Journal of Genocide Research”, 19 (4), s. 574–593. [Google Scholar]
  47. Power Thomas P. (2018), Jokowi’s Authoritarian Turn and Indonesia’s Democratic Decline, „Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies”, 54 (3), s. 307–338, DOI: 10.1080/00074918.2018.1549918. [Google Scholar]
  48. Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1997), Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu, Jakarta: Lentera. [Google Scholar]
  49. Rafter Nicole H. (2016), The Crime of All Crimes. Toward a Criminology of Genocide, New York: New York University Press. [Google Scholar]
  50. Ricklefs Merle Calvin (1993), A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, London: Palgrave. [Google Scholar]
  51. Ricoeur Paul (2006), Pamięć, historia, zapomnienie, Kraków: Universitas. [Google Scholar]
  52. Robinson Geoffrey (2017), „Down to the very roots”. The Indonesian army’s role in the mass killings of 1965–66, „Journal of Genocide Research”, vol. 19, issue 4, DOI: 10.1080/14623528.2017.1393935. [Google Scholar]
  53. Robinson Geoffrey (2018), The killing season. A history of the Indonesian massacres, Series: Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity, Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]
  54. Roosa John (2006), Pretext for mass murder. The September 30th Movement & Suharto’s Coup d’État in Indonesia, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. [Google Scholar]
  55. Roosa John (2020), Buried Histories: The Anticommunist Massacres of 1965–1966 in Indonesia, University Wisconsin Press. [Google Scholar]
  56. Roosa John, Ratih Ayu, Farid Hilmar (red.), Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65, Jakarta: ELSAM, ISSI. [Google Scholar]
  57. Rushdie Salman (2013), Wstyd, tłum. Mariusz Ferek, Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy „Rebis”. [Google Scholar]
  58. Sendyka Roma (2017), Nie-miejsca pamięci i ich nie-ludzkie pomniki, „Teksty Drugie”, 2, s. 86–108, DOI: 10.18318/td.2017.2.5. [Google Scholar]
  59. Setiawan Hersri (2003a), Aku Eks-Tapol, Yogyakarta: Galang Press. [Google Scholar]
  60. Setiawan Hersri (2003b), Kamus Gestok, Yogyakarta: Galang Press. [Google Scholar]
  61. Setiawan Ken (2018), Remembering Suffering and Survival: Sites of Memory on Buru, w: Katherine McGregor, Jess Melvin, Annie Pohlman (red.), The Indonesian genocide of 1965. Causes, dynamics and legacies, Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide, Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  62. Soe Tjen Marching (2017), The End of Silence: Accounts of the 1965 Genocide in Indonesia, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. [Google Scholar]
  63. Sulistyo Hermawan (2000), Palu arit di ladang tebu. Sejarah pembantaian massal yang terlupakan, Jakarta: Gramedia. [Google Scholar]
  64. Suparman H. (2006), Sebuah Catatan Tragedi 1965: Dari Pulau Buru Sampai Ke Mekah, Bandung: Penerbit Nuansa. [Google Scholar]
  65. Sutrisno Slamet (2006), Kontroversi dan rekonstruksi sejarah, Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo. [Google Scholar]
  66. Taylor Jean Gelman (2003), Indonesia. Peoples and histories, New Haven–London: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  67. Taylor Jean Gelman (2008), Aceh: Narasi foto, 1873–1930, w: Henk Schulte Nordholt, Bambang Purwanto, Ratna Saptari (red.), Perspektif baru penulisan sejarah Indonesia, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, KITLV. [Google Scholar]
  68. Wahyuningroem Sri Lestari (2019), Transitional Justice from State to Civil Society: Democratization in Indonesia, London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  69. Wieringa Saskia E. (2002), Sexual politics in Indonesia, Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan. [Google Scholar]
  70. Wieringa Saskia E. (2009), Postcolonial amnesia: sexual moral panics, memory and imperial power, w: Gilbert Herdt (red.) Moral panics, sex panics: fear and the fight over sexual rights, New York: New York University Press. [Google Scholar]
  71. Wieringa Saskia E., Katjasungkana Nursyahbani (2018), Propaganda and the genocide in Indonesia. Imagined evil, London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  72. Wolff-Powęska Anna (2011), Pamięć – brzemię i uwolnienie. Niemcy wobec nazistowskiej przeszłości (1945–2010), Poznań: Zysk i S-ka. [Google Scholar]
  73. Zerubavel Eviatar (2006), The Elephant in the Room: Silence and Denial in Everyday Life, New York: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  74. Zurbuchen Mary S. (2002), History, Memory, and the „1965 Incident” in Indonesia, „Asian Survey”, Vol. 42, No. 4, s. 564–581. [Google Scholar]

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.