This article is an attempt to present the legal and institutional issues related to the use of the State Land Fund (SLF) as the main instrument of the agrarian policy of the Polish communist state during the period of 1944-1956. Established by the first economic decision of the authorities of “Polska Lubelska” [Lublin Committee], the fund was an institution that was primarily intended to enable the conduct of the agrarian policy in line with Stalinist patterns. In the first place, the goal was to liquidate large gentry’s landowner ships and allocate land from the SLF resources to peasants coming mainly from the rural poor. Subsequently, the land acquired by the fund (also owing to the state’s policy of discriminating against private farms) was to be used to prepare the collectivization of Polish agriculture. The then ownership and land policy preferred to use SLF resources to support the creation of collective forms of farming. The decline in the marketability of agriculture, however, led to the attempts to use the legal institution differently, in the form of the State Land Fund as part of the post-1956 agrarian and land policy pursued by the state. The reconstruction of the aspects of the agricultural policy of the post-war state outlined in the title of this article required an analysis of the relevant normative material. It was about examining the content of the legal acts that controlled the discussed social and ownership processes with the use of SLF (in the form of agrarian reform and preparation of the collectivization of agriculture). Due to the multifaceted nature of the discussed processes, attempts were also made to bring closer (in a much more modest size) some statistical data that indicated changes in the functions performed by the State Land Fund in the discussed processes.