The aim of this article is to examine how the judicial independence in its both aspects: independence of the judiciary and the internal independence of judges is perceived by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and to compare it with the Polish doctrine’s approach. Court’s case-law is the effect of its interpretation of the European Convention of Human Rights, and the importance of the Convention within the Polish legal system is already significant and it increases due to the fact that the Court’s judgments often deal with the issues which are crucial for the Polish legal system, including the judicial independence.