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Tom 33 Nr 2 (2025): A Tribute to Thomas Aquinas

Filozofia

Ens commune św. Tomasza z Akwinu jako genus omnium supremum

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52097/wpt.10316  [Google Scholar]
Opublikowane: 05.01.2026

Abstrakt

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu wykazanie, czy pojęcie „bytu wspólnego” (ens commune) św. Tomasza z Akwinu, szeroko rozpowszechnione wśród scholastycznych metafizyków, stanowi teoretyczną podstawę umożliwiającą pogodzenie go z pojęciem „najwyższego rodzaju wszystkiego” (genus omnium supremum). Głównym celem niniejszego opracowania jest zrozumienie podstawowego podobieństwa tych pojęć w oparciu o wybrane dzieła Akwinaty, zarówno In Metaphysicam Aristotelis, jak i In Librum Beati Dionysii De Divinis Nominibus. Autor proponuje albo analityczną rekonstrukcję, albo metafizyczną perspektywę do zbadania tego tematu i przedstawia dodatkowe podejścia do badania ens commune. Korelacja między ens commune i genus omnium supremum wydaje się całkiem prawdopodobna, choć pod pewnymi względami. Powszechnie przyjmuje się, że ens commune św. Tomasza odnosi się wyłącznie do abstrakcyjnej koncepcji bytu wspólnego, obejmującego wszystkie byty realne pod względem istnienia (secundum esse), podczas gdy genus omnium supremum byłoby szerszym i jeszcze wyższym pojęciem, obejmującym wszystkie odmiany bytów, nawet te należące do porządku intencjonalnego (secundum rationem). Wydaje się prawdopodobne, że komentarze św. Tomasza z Akwinu ujawniają, że pojęcie ens commune ma szerszy zakres niż tylko odniesienie do różnorodnych bytów realnych i ich właściwości. Argumentując na rzecz tej tezy, autor stara się wykazać, że pojęcie ens commune odpowiada wszystkim bytom rozpatrywanym z perspektywy poznawczej, nie tylko egzystencjalnej, ale także z perspektywy obejmującej wszystkie denominacje bytu w dowolnej formie ich istnienia, a mianowicie łączącej zarówno byt realny (ens reale), jak i byt myślny (ens rationis) w jedno, unikalne pojęcie inteligibilne.

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