Abstrakt
Modyfikacja rozumienia przemocy seksualnej – z opartej na przymusie na opartą na braku zgody – została już przyjęta w wielu krajach. Powodem reformy była niekompletność koncepcji przemocy seksualnej, która nie obejmowała wszystkich istotnych
działań wpływających na autonomię seksualną. Prawo międzynarodowe dało impuls do zmiany ustawodawstwa krajowego w celu ochrony praw człowieka, niemniej jednak gruziński kodeks karny nadal uznaje stary paradygmat przemocy seksualnej.
Powodem opóźnienia reformy jest patriarchalna ideologia, która kultywuje mity o „kłamliwej” i „mściwej” kobiecie. Artykuł ukazuje problemy związane z prawem dotyczącym zgwałceń w praktyce – zarówno przez obserwację rzeczywistości Gruzji, jak i doświadczeń innych krajów, w których zeznania kobiecych ofiar zgwałceń są stale, mniej lub bardziej, dezawuowane przez mity dotyczące gwałtu oraz uprzedzenia związane z płcią. Aby nazwać ten problem, artykuł wykorzystuje filozoficzną koncepcję niesprawiedliwości epistemicznej Mirandy Fricker związaną z dyskryminacją strukturalną. Tekst jest próbą ukazania znaczenia tej idei w związku z procesem o gwałt. Nie jest on szczegółowym przeglądem standardów dowodowych, w tym postępowych koncepcji, jego celem jest natomiast pokazanie istotnego wpływu stereotypów płciowych i mitów dotyczących zgwałcenia na wymiar sprawiedliwości w sprawach karnych – poprzez analizę orzeczeń sądowych; przedstawia również wiedzę, która przeciwdziała uprzedzeniom i uogólnieniom, choć jej zastosowanie jest fragmentaryczne. W artykule omówiono progresywne podejścia do udowadniania przemocy seksualnej; może to wystarczyć do ustalenia prawdy – aby z jednej strony przezwyciężyć surowy standard ustanowiony w praktyce badania przemocy seksualnej, a z drugiej strony zrobić to bez naruszania prawa oskarżonego do rzetelnego procesu, które przeciwnicy reformy wskazują jako zagrożone. Autorka upatruje rozwiązania problemu w zmianie
podejścia z „przyjaznego sprawcy” na „skoncentrowane na ofierze”.
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