Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
EPPiSM Baner

No. 1 (2024)

Artykuły

Putin’s Passportization Gambit: Investigating the logic behind Russia’s en masse naturalization of foreign citizens

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52097/eppism.8883  [Google Scholar]
Published: 2024-05-24

Abstract

In an annual State of the Nation address in 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the collapse of the USSR “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century.”25 Since then, he seems to have figured out a ‘new’ and ‘cunning’ way to put the humpty
dumpty together again. With a new and brilliant trick up his sleeve – passportization, his expansionist tendencies towards his neighbors have started to come to light. This article attempts to explain this new ploy and the problems it causes to the post-Soviet
states and the international community as a whole.

References

  1. Bescotti W. et al., Passportization: Russia’s “humanitarian” tool for foreign policy, extra-territorial governance, and military intervention, Global Citizenship Observatory, 25 March 2022, https://globalcit.eu/passportization-russias-humanitarian-tool-for-foreign-policy-extra-territorial-governance-and-military-intervention/ [accessed: 22.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  2. Brewis T., Turning Ukrainians into Russians, Romanians into Hungarians and Italians into Austrians: The Spread of Passportization across Europe, University Consortium, https://uc.web.ox.ac.uk/article/turning-ukrainians-into-russians-romanians-into-hungarians-and-italians-into-austrians-the-s [accessed: 21.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  3. Burkhardt F., et al, What Makes a Citizen? Russia’s Passportization of the Donbas, “Russian Analytical Digest (RAD)” 277, 23 February 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3929/ [Google Scholar]
  4. Forced Passportization in Russia-Occupied Areas of Ukraine. A Conflict Obervatory Report, Yale School of Public Health (Humanitarian Research Lab), 02 August 2023, https://hub.conflictobservatory.org/portal/sharing/rest/content/items/afec-496c29b94ff694297d4780594948/data [accessed: 23.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  5. Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf [accessed: 28.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  6. Fremer I., Ukraine: Draft Law Introducing Criminal Liability for Forced Russian ‘Passportization’ in Temporarily Occupied Territories Approved, Library of Congress, 2022, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2022-09-28/ukraine-draft-law-introducing-criminal-liability-for-forced-russian-passportization-in-temporarily-occupied-territories-approved/ [accessed: 27.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  7. Gabbat M., Passportization (Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia), Global Informality Project, https://www.in-formality.com/wiki/index.php?title=Passportization_(Ukraine,_Moldova,_and_Georgia) [accessed: 27.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  8. Gill T. D., Remarks on the Law Relating to the Use of Force in the Ukraine Conflict, Liber Institute West Point, 9 March 2022, https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/ [accessed: 15.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  9. Green J. A., The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportization and the Protection of Nationals Revisited (Editorial Comment), https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/7615450/1.2%20Green%20%28Editorial%20Comment%20-%20The%20Annexation%20of%20Crimea%20-%20Russia_%20Passportization%20and%20the%20Protection%20of%20Nationals%20Revisited%29%20%281%29.pdf [accessed: 20.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  10. Henckaerts J.-M. & Doswald-Beck L., Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2005, https://www.refworld.org/reference/research/icrc/2005/en/98261 [accessed: 1 March 2024]. [Google Scholar]
  11. Hyde L., Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports, “Politico” 2023, https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-citizenship-war-russia-weaponize-passport-passportization-mobilization-draft/ [accessed: 25.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  12. Iovu A., The role of the West in countering Russian Passportization in the Black Sea, Middle East Institute, 2020, https://www.mei.edu/publications/role-west-countering-russian-passportization-black-sea [accessed: 1.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  13. Kotyashko A. et al., Normative resistance to responsibility to protect in times of emerging multipolarity: the cases of Brazil and Russia, “Revista Brasileira De Política Internacional” 2018, 61(1), e001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201800101 [accessed: [Google Scholar]
  14. 02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  15. Nabenzia V. A., Brief delivered by a Member of The Russian Federation at the 8516th meeting of The UN Securrity Council (Thursday, 25 April 2019, 3 p.m., New York), Verbatim Record, UN Doc S/PV.8516. [Google Scholar]
  16. Peters A., Passportisation: Risks for international law and stability – Part 1, EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 9 May 2019, https://www.ejiltalk.org/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one/ [accessed: 19.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  17. Second International Peace Conference, The Hague, Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, International Conferences (The Hague), 18 October 1907, https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/hague/1907/en/31788 [accessed: 24.02.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  18. Speech by Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski at the Atlantic Council, February 26th, 2024, https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/speech-by-foreign-minister-radoslaw-sikorski-at-the-atlantic-council-washington-dc [accessed: 02.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  19. Statement of the MFA of Ukraine on the issuance of Russian passports to citizens of Ukraine in the temporarily occupied territories, 2022, https://poland.mfa.gov.ua/pl/ news/statement-mfa-ukraine-issuance-russian-passports-citizens-ukraine-temporarily-occupied-territories [accessed: 27.02.2024] [Google Scholar]