This article presents a structural, semantic, and translation-oriented analysis of Russian phraseological
antonyms sharing the same structural pattern and their Polish equivalents. The study aims to identify
the mechanisms underlying phraseological oppositions, distinguish their principal semantic types, and determine
the types of dictionary equivalence represented by the Polish counterparts. The material comprises 48 pairs
of phraseological antonyms excerpted from Russian phraseological dictionaries and online sources. Their
Polish equivalents were obtained from a Russian–Polish phraseological dictionary or selected on the basis
of the author’s linguistic competence and verified in Polish lexicographic sources. The material was subjected
to structural-semantic, contrastive, and translation analysis. The formal classification shows that the largest
groups comprise oppositions formed by lexical antonyms (38%) and contextual antonyms (31%), while
grammatical oppositions based on prepositions account for 19% of the material. Vector opposition predominates
in the semantic classification (40%). Full equivalents constitute 60% of the Polish counterparts, compared with
functional equivalents (13%), zero equivalents (8%), and pairs combining different equivalence types (19%).
The predominance of full equivalents may reflect both the close relationship between Polish and Russian and
the restriction of the material to antonyms with comparable structures. The findings contribute to the description
of phraseological antonymy and Russian–Polish dictionary equivalence.