Zur Hauptnavigation springen Zum Inhalt springen Zur Fußzeile springen
##common.pageHeaderLogo.altText##

Bd. 31 (2024)

Artykuły

The Languages of Religion in Medieval Britain – Judaism

  • Magdalena Charzyńska-Wójcik
  • Kinga Lis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52097/rs.2024.35-66  [Google Scholar]
Veröffentlicht: 2024-12-12

Abstract

The paper deals with the languages used by English Jews for religious purposes in the Middle Ages. It begins with an overview of chronological, demographic, economical, and social aspects of Jewish presence in England to set the scene for investigations concerning the general linguistic repertoire of Anglo-Jewry. Further discussion focuses on the languages of religion and is divided into three areas: the languages of God and authoritative writings, the languages of prayer, and the languages of sermons.

Literaturhinweise

  1. Aberbach, David. (2006) ‘Nationalism, reform Judaism and the Hebrew prayer book’, Nations and Nationalism 12(1), pp. 139-159. [Google Scholar]
  2. Abrahams, Barnett Lionel. (1895) The expulsion of the Jews from England. Oxford and London: B.H. Blackwell. [Google Scholar]
  3. Abrahams, Israel. (1896 [1993]) Jewish life in the middle ages. Philadelphia, PA and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society. [Google Scholar]
  4. Abrams, Lesley. (2001) ‘The conversion of the Danelaw’ in Graham‐Campbell, James, Hall, Richard, Jesch, Judith, and Parsons, David N. (eds.) Vikings and the Danelaw. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 31-44. [Google Scholar]
  5. Banitt, Menahem, and Aslanov, Cyril. (2007) ‘Judeo-French’ in Berenbaum, Michael, and Skolnik, Fred (eds.) Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale, p. 545. [Google Scholar]
  6. Banitt, Menahem. (1963) ‘Une langue fantôme: le judéo-français’, Revue de Linguistique Romane 27: pp. 245-294. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bartlett, Robert. (2000) England under the Norman and Angevin kings: 1075–1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Google Scholar]
  8. Baskin, Judith R. (2011) ‘Education, girls: medieval and early modern’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 144-145. [Google Scholar]
  9. Benbassa, Esther. (2014) The Jews of France. A history from antiquity to the present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]
  10. Berman Brown, Reva, and McCartney, Sean. (2003) ‘The internal exile of medieval English Jewry’, The Medieval History Journal 6(1): pp. 55-74. [Google Scholar]
  11. Boyarin, Adrienne Williams. (2020). ‘Medieval Anglo-Jewish women at court’ in Kerby-Fulton, Kathryn, Bugyis, Katie Ann-Marie, and Engen, John van (eds.) Women intellectuals and leaders in the middle ages. Cambridge: Boydell and Brewer, pp. 55-60. [Google Scholar]
  12. Boyarin, Adrienne Williams. (2021) Christian Jew and the unmarked Jewess: the polemics of sameness in medieval English anti-Judaism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Google Scholar]
  13. Boyarin, Daniel. (2009) Socrates and the fat rabbis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar]
  14. Carruthers, Mary. (ed.) (2015) Language in medieval Britain: networks and exchanges. Donington: Shaun Tyas. [Google Scholar]
  15. Chazan, Robert. (2004) Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  16. Chazan, Robert. (2005) ‘The historiography of premodern Jewish education’, Journal of Jewish Education 71(1): pp. 23-32. DOI: 10.1080/00216240590924006. [Google Scholar]
  17. Chazan, Robert. (2006) The Jews of medieval western Christendom, 1000–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  18. Chazan, Robert. (2010) Reassessing Jewish life in medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  19. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. (2008a) ‘Introduction: infinite realms’ in Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome (ed.) Cultural diversity in the British middle ages: archipelago, island, England. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-16. [Google Scholar]
  20. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. (2008b) ‘Green children from another world, or the archipelago in England’ in Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome (ed.) Cultural diversity in the British middle ages: archipelago, island, England. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 75-94. [Google Scholar]
  21. Cohen, Jeremy. (1983) ‘The Jews as the killers of Christ in the Latin tradition, from Augustine to the friars’, Traditio 39: pp. 1-27. [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen, Jeremy. (1982) The friars and the Jews: the evolution of medieval anti-Judaism. E-book. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Available at: https://hdl–handle–net.proxy.library.nd.edu/2027/heb.01179 (Accessed: 12 August 2021). [Google Scholar]
  23. Dahan, Gilbert. (1999) ‘Deux psautiers hébraïques glosés en latin’, Revue des Études Juives 158(1-2): pp. 61-87 [Google Scholar]
  24. Darmesteter, Arsène. (1890) Reliques scientifiques recueillies par son frère. Paris: L. Cerf. [Google Scholar]
  25. Dobson, Barrie. (1992) ‘The role of Jewish women in medieval England’, Studies in Church History 29: pp. 145-168. [Google Scholar]
  26. Dunn, Marilyn. (2009) The Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons, c. 597–700: discourses of life, death and afterlife. London and New York, NY: Continuum. [Google Scholar]
  27. Einbinder, Susan L. (2011) ‘Poetry, medieval: Christian Europe’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 480-482. [Google Scholar]
  28. Elbogen, Ismar. (1993) Jewish liturgy: a comprehensive history. Translated by Scheindlin, Raymond. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society. [Google Scholar]
  29. Fenster, Thelma S. (2017) ‘English women and their French books: teaching about the Jews in medieval England’ in Fenster, Thelma S., and Collette, Carolyn P. (eds.) Essays on the French of medieval England. Cambridge: Boydell and Brewer, pp. 175-189. [Google Scholar]
  30. Fleischer, Ezra. (1975) ‘Studies in the structural development of the Piyyutim of ha-me’oror ve-ha ‘ahavah’ [Hebrew] in Simon Halkin Jubilee Volume. Jerusalem, pp. 367-372, [Google Scholar]
  31. Fraade, Steven D. (2012) ‘Concepts of scripture in rabbinic Judaism: oral Torah and written Torah’ in Sommer, Benjamin D. (ed.) Jewish concepts of scripture: a comparative introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press, pp. 31-46. [Google Scholar]
  32. Fredriksen, Paula. (2008 [2010]) Augustine and the Jews: a Christian defense of Jews and Judaism. With a new postscript. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  33. Friedman, Kate. (2011) ‘Ashkenaz, Ashkenazim’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 44. [Google Scholar]
  34. Fudeman, Kirsten Anne. (2003) ‘The linguistic significance of the le’azim in Joseph Kara’s Job commentary’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 93(3/4): pp. 397-414. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1455667 (Accessed: 12 March 2025). [Google Scholar]
  35. Fudeman, Kirsten Anne. (2010) Vernacular voices: language and identity in medieval French Jewish communities. Philadelphia, PA and Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Google Scholar]
  36. Golb, Norman. (1998) The Jews in medieval Normandy: a social and intellectual history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  37. Goldin, Simha. (2011) ‘Middle ages: childhood’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 429-430. [Google Scholar]
  38. Goldy, Charlotte Newman. (2008) ‘A thirteenth-century Anglo-Jewish woman crossing boundaries: visible and invisible’, Journal of Medieval History 34(2): pp. 130-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2008.03.003. [Google Scholar]
  39. Goldy, Charlotte Newman. (2017) ‘Teaching Jewish and Christian daily interaction in medieval England’ in Krummel, Miriamne Ara, and Pugh, Tison (eds.) Jews in medieval England: teaching representations of the other. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 295-309. [Google Scholar]
  40. Grossman, Avraham. (2004) Pious and rebellious: Jewish women in medieval Europe. Translated by Chipman, Jonathan. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. [Google Scholar]
  41. Hajek, Sandra, and Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith (2024) ‘“Our La’az”: Judeo-French books and glosses’ in Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith, and Merchán-Hamann, César (eds.) Jewish languages and book culture. Oxford: Bodleian, pp. 123-135. [Google Scholar]
  42. Haut, Rivka. (1992) ‘Women’s prayer groups and the orthodox synagogue’ in Grossman, Susan, and Haut, Rivka (eds.) Daughters of the king: women and the synagogue. A survey of history, Halakhah, and contemporary realities. Philadelphia, PA and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society, pp. 135-157. [Google Scholar]
  43. Hillaby, Joe, and Hillaby, Caroline. (2013) The Palgrave dictionary of medieval Anglo-Jewish history. London: Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  44. Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell, and Yates, Donald N. (2014) The early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: a genetic and genealogical history. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hood, John Y.B. (1995) Aquinas and the Jews. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Google Scholar]
  46. Hoyle, Victoria. (2008) ‘The bonds that bind: money lending between Anglo-Jewish and Christian women in the plea rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews, 1218-1280’, Journal of Medieval History 34: pp. 119-129. [Google Scholar]
  47. Hutton, Ronald. (2013) Pagan Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  48. Hyams, Paul R. (1974) ‘The Jewish minority in mediaeval England, 1066-1290’, Journal of Jewish Studies 25(2): pp. 270–293. DOI: 10.18647/682/JJS–1974. [Google Scholar]
  49. Hyams, Paul R. (2013) ‘Faith, fealty and Jewish ‘infideles’ in twelfth-century England’ in Jones, Sarah Rees, and Watson, Sethina (eds.) Christians and Jews in Angevin England: the York massacre of 1190, narratives and contexts. York: York Medieval Press, pp. 125-147. [Google Scholar]
  50. Isserles, Justine. (2021) ‘Maḥzor Vitry: a study of liturgical-halakhic compendia from medieval Franco-Germany’, Jewish History 35: pp. 1-29. DOI: 10.1007/s10835-021-09416-0. [Google Scholar]
  51. Jacobs, Joseph. (1892) ‘Notes on the Jews of England under the Angevin kings’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 4(4): pp. 628-655. [Google Scholar]
  52. Jacobs, Joseph. (1893) The Jews of Angevin England. Documents and records from Latin and Hebrew sources printed and manuscript for the first time collected and translated. London: David Nutt. [Google Scholar]
  53. Jacobs, Joseph. (1896) Jewish ideals and other essays. New York, NY: Macmillan and Company. Available at: https://archive.org/details/jacobsj1896jioe/page/179/mode/2up (Accessed 12 April 2025). [Google Scholar]
  54. Johnson, Paul. (1987) History of the Jews. Kindle Edition. New York, NY: Harper and Row/Orion. [Google Scholar]
  55. Kanarfogel, Ephraim. (2011) ‘Prayer, literacy, and literary memory in the Jewish communities in medieval Europe’ in Boustan, Ra’anan S., Kosansky, Oren, and Rustow, Marina (eds.) Jewish studies at the crossroads of anthropology and history. Authority, diaspora, tradition. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 250-270. [Google Scholar]
  56. Kanarfogel, Ephraim. (2012) The intellectual history and rabbinic culture of medieval Ashkenaz. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. [Google Scholar]
  57. Kaufman, Stephen A. (1997) ‘Aramaic’ in Hetzron, Robert (ed.) The Semitic languages. London: Routlege, pp. 114-130. Available at: https://archive.org/details/the-semitic-languages/page/113/mode/2up (Accessed: 10 April 2025). [Google Scholar]
  58. Kaufmann, David. (1891) ‘The prayer-book according to the ritual of England before 1290’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 4(1): pp. 20-63. [Google Scholar]
  59. Kaufmann, David. (1893) ‘The Etz Chayim of Jacob B. Jehudah of London, and the history of his manuscript’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 5(3): pp. 353-374. [Google Scholar]
  60. Khan, Geoffrey. (2017) ‘Learning to read biblical Hebrew in the middle ages: the transition from oral standard to written standard’ in Brooke, George, and Smithius, Renate (eds.) Jewish education from antiquity to the middle ages. Leiden: Brill, pp. 269-295. [Google Scholar]
  61. Kimelman, Reuven. (2005) ‘Blessing formulae and divine sovereignty in rabbinic liturgy’ in Langer, Ruth, and Fine, Steven (eds.) Liturgy in the life of the synagogue: studies in the history of Jewish prayer. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 1-39. [Google Scholar]
  62. Kiwitt, Marc. (2014) ‘The problem of Judeo-French: between language and cultural dynamics’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 226: pp. 25–56. DOI: 10.1515/ijsl–2013–0074. [Google Scholar]
  63. Kowaleski, Maryanne. (2014) ‘Medieval people in town and country: new perspectives from demography and bioarchaeology’, Speculum 89(3): pp. 573-600. [Google Scholar]
  64. Krummel, Miriamne Ara, and Pugh, Tison. (2017) ‘Introduction: Jews in medieval England – a temporal and pedagogical vision’ in Krummel, Miriamne Ara, and Pugh, Tison (eds.) Jews in medieval England: teaching representations of the other. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 1-20. [Google Scholar]
  65. Kulik, Alexander. (2012) ‘Jews from Rus’ in medieval England’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 102(3): pp. 371-403. [Google Scholar]
  66. Lampert-Weissig, Lisa. (2016) ‘The transnational wandering Jew and the medieval English nation’, Literature Compass 13(12): pp. 771–783. DOI: 10.1111/lic3.12372. [Google Scholar]
  67. Langer, Ruth. (2005) ‘Sinai, Zion, and God in the synagogue: celebrating Torah in Ashkenaz’ in Langer, Ruth, and Fine, Steven (eds.) Liturgy in the life of the synagogue: studies in the history of Jewish prayer. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 121-159. [Google Scholar]
  68. Lavie, Aliza. (2011) ‘Prayer: women’s devotional’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 492-493. [Google Scholar]
  69. Levy, Raphael. (1964) Trésor de la langue des juifs français au moyen âge. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. [Google Scholar]
  70. Lieber, Laura. (2015) ‘Piyyut’ in Oxford Bibliographies [online]. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199840731-0059. [Google Scholar]
  71. Lilley, J.M., Stroud, G., Brothwell, Don Reginald, and Williamson, M.H. (1994) The archaeology of York. Vol. 12: medieval cemeteries. Fasc. 3: Jewish burial ground at Jewbury. York: Council for British Archaeology for the York Archaeological Trust. [Google Scholar]
  72. Lipman, Vivian. (1968) ‘The anatomy of medieval Anglo-Jewry’, Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) 21: pp. 64-77. [Google Scholar]
  73. Lis, Kinga, and Charzyńska-Wójcik, Magdalena. (in press) ‘The languages of religion in medieval Britain – Christianity’. [Google Scholar]
  74. Liss, Hanna, and Dörr, Stephen. (2022) ‘Hebrew-French bible glossaries and the question of Jewish-French cultural exchange in the high middle ages: a reevaluation’, Corpus Masoreticum Working Papers 2: pp. 22-30. [Google Scholar]
  75. Little, Lester K. (1978) Religious poverty and the profit economy in medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. [Google Scholar]
  76. Loewe, Raphael. (1957) ‘The mediaeval Christian Hebraists of England: the Superscriptio Lincolniensis’, Hebrew Union College Annual 28: pp. 205-252. [Google Scholar]
  77. Machan, Tim William. (2003) English in the middle ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  78. Marcus, Ivan G. (1998) Rituals of childhood: Jewish acculturation in medieval Europe. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  79. Möhren, Frankwait. (1993) Dictionnaire étymologique de l’ancien français, complément bibliographique. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval; Tübingen: Niemeyer. [Google Scholar]
  80. Mundill, Robin R. (1998 [2002]) England’s Jewish solution. Experiment and expulsion, 1262–1290. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  81. Mundill, Robin R. (2010) The king’s Jews. Money, massacre and exodus in medieval England. London: Continuum. [Google Scholar]
  82. Mundill, Robin R. (2011a) ‘Out of the shadow and into the light – the impact and implications of recent scholarship on the Jews of medieval England 1066–1290’, History Compass 9(8): pp. 572–601. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478–0542.2011.00778.x. [Google Scholar]
  83. Mundill, Robin R. (2011b) ‘England: middle ages’ in Baskin, Judith R. (ed.) The Cambridge dictionary of Judaism and Jewish culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 155-156. [Google Scholar]
  84. Neubauer, Adolf. (1891) ‘On non-Hebrew languages used by Jews. Review of: On the languages used by the Jews with transcription in Hebrew characters, and the Glossarium Grœco-Hebraicum oder der griechische Wörterschatz der jüdischen Midrasch–Werke, Ein Beitrag zur Kultur– und Alterthumskunde by Julius Fürst’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 4(1): pp. 9-19. [Google Scholar]
  85. Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. (2001) ‘The knowledge and practice of Hebrew grammar among Christian scholars in pre-expulsion England: the evidence of ‘bilingual’ Hebrew-Latin manuscripts’ in Lange, Nicholas de (ed.) Hebrew scholarship and the medieval world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-128. [Google Scholar]
  86. Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. (2007) ‘A school of Christian Hebraists in thirteenth-century England: a unique Hebrew-Latin-French and English dictionary and its sources’, European Journal of Jewish Studies 1(2): pp. 249-277. [Google Scholar]
  87. Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. (2011) ‘The money language: Latin and Hebrew in Jewish legal contracts from medieval England’ in Fontaine, Resianne, et al. (eds.) Studies in the history of culture and science: a tribute to Gad Freudenthal. Leiden: Brill, pp. 233-250. [Google Scholar]
  88. Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. (2023) Des juifs, des chrétiens et des livres manuscrits hébreux médiévaux de la France du nord. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. [Google Scholar]
  89. Picciotto, James. (1875) Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History. London: Trübner and Company. [Google Scholar]
  90. Pluskowski, Aleks. (2011) ‘The archeology of paganism’ in Hinton, David A., Crawford, Sally, and Hamerow, Helena (eds.) The Oxford handbook of Anglo-Saxon archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 764-778. [Google Scholar]
  91. Pryce, Huw. (2009) ‘Conversions to Christianity’ in Stafford, Pauline (ed.) A companion to the early middle ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–1100. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 143-159. [Google Scholar]
  92. Rabin, Chaim. (1985) ‘Massorah and “Ad Litteras”’, Hebrew Studies 26(1): pp. 81-91. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44898447 (Accessed: 21 July 2021). [Google Scholar]
  93. Reed Blank, Debra. (2005) ‘Repeating Qaddish and Barekhu for latecomers to synagogue’ in Langer, Ruth, and Fine, Steven (eds.) Liturgy in the life of the synagogue. studies in the history of Jewish prayer. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 73-94. [Google Scholar]
  94. Rees Jones, Sarah. (2013) ‘Neighbours and victims in twelfth-century York: a royal citadel, the citizens and the Jews of York’ in Jones, Sarah Rees, and Watson, Sethina (eds.) Christians and Jews in Angevin England: the York massacre of 1190, narratives and contexts. York: York Medieval Press, pp. 15-42. [Google Scholar]
  95. Reif, Stefan C. (1990) ‘Aspects of medieval Jewish literacy’ in McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.) The uses of literacy in early medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 134-155. [Google Scholar]
  96. Resnick, Irven M. (2019). ‘The Jews’ badge’ in Champagne, Marie-Thèrèse, and Resnick, Irven M. (eds.) Jews and Muslims under the Fourth Lateran Council: papers commemorating the octocentenary of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 65-79. [Google Scholar]
  97. Richardson, Henry Gerald. (1960) The English Jewry under Angevin Kings. London: Methuen and Company. [Google Scholar]
  98. Richmond, Colin. (1994) ‘Medieval English Jewry: post‐modernism and marginalization’, Patterns of Prejudice 28(3-4): 5–17. DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.1994.9970132. [Google Scholar]
  99. Roth, Cecil. (1941 [1964]) A history of the Jews in England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Google Scholar]
  100. Saperstein, Marc. 1989. Jewish preaching, 1200–1800: an anthology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  101. Saperstein, Marc. (2010) ‘Attempts to control the pulpit: medieval Judaism and beyond’ in Jansen, Katherine L., and Rubin, Miri (eds.) Charisma and religious authority: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim preaching, 1200–1500. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 93-103. [Google Scholar]
  102. Saperstein, Marc. (2011) ‘Sermons’ in McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.) The uses of literacy in early medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 542-543. [Google Scholar]
  103. Sapir Abulafia, Anna. (1992) ‘Jewish carnality in twelfth-century renaissance thought’ in Wood, Diana (ed.) Christianity and Judaism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 59-72. [Google Scholar]
  104. Sapir Abulafia, Anna. (2013) ‘Notions of Jewish service in twelfth- and thirteenth-century England’ in Jones, Sarah Rees, and Watson, Sethina (eds.) Christians and Jews in Angevin England: the York massacre of 1190, narratives and contexts. York: York Medieval Press, pp. 204-221. [Google Scholar]
  105. Sommer, Benjamin D. (2012a) ‘Introduction: scriptures in Jewish tradition, and traditions as Jewish scripture’ in Sommer, Benjamin D. (ed.) Jewish concepts of scripture: a comparative introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press, pp. 1-14. [Google Scholar]
  106. Sommer, Benjamin D. (2012b) ‘Concepts of scriptural language in Midrash’ in Sommer, Benjamin D. (ed.) Jewish concepts of scripture: a comparative introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press, pp. 64–79. [Google Scholar]
  107. Stacey, Robert C. (1992) ‘The conversion of Jews to Christianity in thirteenth-century England’, Speculum 67(2): pp. 263-283. [Google Scholar]
  108. Stacey, Robert C. (1998) ‘From ritual crucifixion to host desecration: Jews and the body of Christ’, Jewish History 12(1): pp. 11-28. [Google Scholar]
  109. Stacey, Robert C. (1999) ‘Crusades, martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096–1199’ in Haverkamp, Alfred (ed.) Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, pp. 233-251. [Google Scholar]
  110. Stacey, Robert C. (2001) ‘Jews and Christians in twelfth-century England: some dynamics of a changing relationship’ in Signer, Michael A., and Engen, John van (eds.) Jews and Christians in twelfth-century Europe. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 340-354. [Google Scholar]
  111. Stacey, Robert C. (2003) ‘The English Jews under Henry III’ in Skinner, Patricia (ed.) The Jews in medieval Britain: sources, revisions, new directions. Rochester: Boydell Press, pp. 41-54. [Google Scholar]
  112. Stern, Elsie. (2012) ‘Concepts of scripture in the synagogue service’ in Sommer, Benjamin D. (ed.) Jewish concepts of scripture: a comparative introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press, pp. 15-30. [Google Scholar]
  113. Stow, Kenneth R. (1995) ‘The pitfalls of writing papal documentary history: Simonsohn’s “Apostolic See and the Jews”’, The Jewish Quarterly Review 85(3/4): pp. 397-412. [Google Scholar]
  114. Streit, Kevin T. (1993) ‘The expansion of the English Jewish community in the reign of king Stephen’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 25(2): pp. 177-192. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4051451 (Accessed: 11 April 2021.). [Google Scholar]
  115. Taitz, Emily. (1992) ‘Women’s voices, women’s prayers: women in the European synagogues of the middle ages’ in Grossman, Susan, and Haut, Rivka (eds.) Daughters of the king: women and the synagogue. A survey of history, Halakhah, and contemporary realities. Philadelphia, PA and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society, pp. 59-71. [Google Scholar]
  116. Tolan, John. (2023) England’s Jews. Finance, violence, and the Crown in the thirteenth century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Google Scholar]
  117. Trotter, David A. (ed.) (2000) Multilingualism in later medieval Britain. Cambridge: Boydell and Brewer. [Google Scholar]
  118. Wasserman, Gabriel. (2023) ‘Aramaic – between heaven and earth: on the use of Aramaic in the liturgical life of medieval European Jewry’ in Kokin, Daniel Stein (ed.) Hebrew between Jews and Christians. Berlin and Boston, MA: De Gruyter, pp. 95–124. DOI: 10.1515/9783110339826-005. [Google Scholar]
  119. Watson, Sethina. (2013) ‘Introduction: the moment and memory of the York massacre of 1190’ in Jones, Sarah Rees, and Watson, Sethina (eds.) Christians and Jews in Angevin England: the York massacre of 1190, narratives and contexts. York: York Medieval Press, pp. 1-14. [Google Scholar]
  120. Watts, Dorothy. (1991) Christians and pagans in Roman Britain. London and New York, NY: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  121. Weinberger, Leon J. (1998) Jewish hymnography: a literary history. London: Vallentine Mitchell. [Google Scholar]
  122. Weinreich, Max. (1955 [1956]) ‘The Jewish languages of Romance stock and their relation to earliest Yiddish’, Romance Philology 9: pp. 403-428. [Google Scholar]
  123. Weiss Halivni, David. (1985 [2014]) Midrash, Mishnah, and Gemara. The Jewish predilection for justified law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
  124. Weiss Halivni, David. (1991) Peshat and Derash: plain and applied meaning in rabbinic exegesis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  125. Wexler, Paul. (2002) Two-tiered relexification in Yiddish. Berlin and New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter. [Google Scholar]

Downloads

Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.

Am häufigsten gelesenen Artikel dieser/dieses Autor/in

Ähnliche Artikel

1 2 > >> 

Sie können auch eine erweiterte Ähnlichkeitssuche starten für diesen Artikel nutzen.