Przejdź do głównego menu Przejdź do sekcji głównej Przejdź do stopki
Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie

Tom 17 Nr 1 (2024)

Artykuły

The Impact of Deepfakes on Elections and Methods of Combating Disinformation in the Virtual World

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32084/tkp.8615  [Google Scholar]
Opublikowane: 26.06.2024

Abstrakt

The malicious use of deepfake technology can lead to violations of human rights and freedoms, or even facilitate criminal activities such as financial fraud. However, creating manipulated images can also pose other threats, including those to democratic states and the principles that govern them. The upcoming presidential elections in the United States and the recent parliamentary elections in European and non-European countries have delivered an impulse for a discussion on the impact that deepfake can have on elections, on the ethics of holding elections and on the principles of democracy, on how countries fight these threats, and on how sufficient and effective the implemented methods really are.

Bibliografia

  1. Albahar, Marwan, and Jameel Almalki. 2019. “Deepfakes: Threads and Countermeasures Systematic Review.” Journal of Technological and Applied Information Technology 97, no. 2:3242-250. [Google Scholar]
  2. Al-Khazraji, Samer, Hassan H. Saleh, Adil I. Khalid, et al. 2023. “Impact of deepfake technology on social media: Detection, misinformation, and societal implications.” The Eurasia Proceedings of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (EPSTEM) 23:429-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1371792 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bovet, Alexandre, and Hernán Makse. 2019. “Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election.” Nature Communication 10:1-14. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2 [Google Scholar]
  4. Chawki, Mohamed. 2024. “Navigating legal challenges of deepfakes in the American context: a call to action.” Cogent Engineering 11, no. 1:1-13. http://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2320971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2320971 [Google Scholar]
  5. Chesney, Robert, and Danielle K. 2018. “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security.” 107 California Law Review 20191753, U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 692, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper 21:1752-820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3213954 [Google Scholar]
  6. Colomina, Carme, Héctor S. Margalef, and Richard Youngs. 2021. The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world. European Parliament: Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union. [Google Scholar]
  7. Culloty, Eilee. 2024. “Deepfakes are still new, but 2024 could be the year they have an impact on elections.” https://theconversation.com/deepfakes-are-still-new-but-2024-could-be-the-year-they-have-an-impact-on-elections-224786 [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  8. de Mesquita, Ethan B., Brandice Canes-Wrone, Andrew B. Hall, et al. 2023. Preparing for Generative AI in the 2024 Election: Recommendations and Best Practices Based on Academic Research. University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and the Stanford Graduate School of Business. [Google Scholar]
  9. Dias, Jefferson A., Heloisa H. Doca, and Fabiano F. da Silva. 2021. “Bots, fake news, fake faces and deepfakes: automation, under the bias of dromology, as a sophisticated form of biopower to influence the democratic election process.” Pensar-Revista de Ciências Jurídicas 26, no. 3:1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5020/2317-2150.2021.11840 [Google Scholar]
  10. Ghandi, Anuradha, and Shantam Sharma.2023. “Deepfakes in Financial Fraud: A Comprehensive Exploration.” https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=33099a16-fa63-4ee7-9bd0-6724dd33c5a7 [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  11. Goldstein, Josh A., Girish Sastry, Micah Musser, et al. 2023. Forecasting potential misuses of language models for disinformation campaigns – and how to reduce risk. New York: Cornell University. [Google Scholar]
  12. Gosse, Chandell, and Jacquelyn Burkell. 2020. “Politics and porn: how news media characterizes problems presented by deepfakes.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 37, no. 202:497-511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1832697 [Google Scholar]
  13. “Kolejny deepfake zebrał żniwa. Tym razem celem był Joe Biden.” https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Kolejny-deepfake-zebral-zniwa-Tym-razem-celem-byl-JoeBiden-8701675.html [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  14. Köbis, Niles C., Barbora Doležalová, and Ivan Soraperra. 2019. “Fooled twice: People cannot detect deepfakes but they think they can.” iScience 24, no. 11:1-17. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103364 [Google Scholar]
  15. Lau Stuart. 2024. “China bombards Taiwan with fake news ahead of elections.” https://www.politico.eu/article/china-bombards-taiwan-with-fake-news-ahead-of-election/ [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  16. Leinigang, Rachel. 2024. “Disinformation on steroids: is the US prepared for AI’s influence on the election?” https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/feb/26/ai-deepfakes-disinformation-election [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  17. Meaker, Morgan. 2023. “Slovakia’s Election Deepfakes Show AI Is a Danger to Democracy.” https://www.wired.com/story/slovakias-election-deepfakes-show-ai-is-a-danger-to-democracy/ [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  18. Mihailova, Mihaela. 2021. “To Dally with Dalí: Deepfake (Inter)faces in the Art Museum.” The International Journal of Research into New Media Technology 27, no. 4:882-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/135485652110294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211029401 [Google Scholar]
  19. Mirza, Rehan. 2024. “How AI deepfakes threaten elections across the world in 2024.” ttps://www.themandarin.com.au/240257-how-ai-deepfakes-threaten-electionsacross-the-world-in-2024/ [accessed: 03.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  20. Olan, Femi, Uchitha Jayawickrama, Emmanuel O. Arakpogun, et al. 2022. “Fake news on Social Media: the Impact on Society.” Information Systems Frontier 26, no. 5:442-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z [Google Scholar]
  21. Pawelec, Maria. 2022. “Deepfakes and Democracy (Theory): How Synthetic AudioVisual Media for Disinformation and Hate Speech Threaten Core Democratic Functions.” Digital Society 12:1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-022-00010-6 [Google Scholar]
  22. Safiullah, Md., and Parveen Neha. 2022. “Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Paradigm Shift in Election Campaigns.” In The New Advanced Society, edited by Sandeep Kumar Panda, Ramesh Kumar Mohapatra, Subhrakanta Panda, et al., 247-61. Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119884392.ch11 [Google Scholar]
  23. Songja, Rungpailin, Iyakup Promboot, Bhavaris Haetanurak, et al. 2023. “Deepfake AI images: should deepfakes be banned in Thailand?” AI and Ethics, October: 1-14. http://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00350-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00350-0 [Google Scholar]
  24. Starbird, Kate, Renée DiResta, and Matt DeButts. 2023. “Influence and Improvisation: Participatory Disinformation during the 2020 US election.” Social Media + Society 9, no. 2:1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231177943 [Google Scholar]
  25. “Taiwan voters face flood of pro-China disinformation.” https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240110-taiwan-voters-face-flood-of-pro-china-disinformation [accessed: 05.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  26. Tan, Corinne. 2022. “Regulating disinformation on Twitter and Facebook.” Griffith Law Review 21, no. 4:513-36. http://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2022.2138140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2022.2138140 [Google Scholar]
  27. Ternovski, John, Joshua Kalla, and Peter Aronow. 2022. “The negative consequences of informing voters about deepfakes: evidence from two survey experiments.” Journal of Online Trust Safety 1, no. 2:1-16. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i2.28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i2.28 [Google Scholar]
  28. van der Sloot, Bart, and Yvette Wagensveld. 2022. “Deepfakes: regulatory challenges for the synthetic society.” Computer Law & Security Review 46:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105716 [Google Scholar]
  29. Wakefield, Jane. 2022. “Deepfake presidents used in Russia-Ukraine war.” https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60780142 [accessed: 05.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]
  30. Wasilewski, Piotr, and Weronika Lenart. 2020. “Technologia deepfake wymaga regulacji – komputerowe przeróbki stają się zagrożeniem.” https://www.prawo.pl/biznes/pierwsze-regulacje-prawne-technologii-deepfake,497454.html [accessed: 20.03.2024]. [Google Scholar]

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Inne teksty tego samego autora