Przejdź do głównego menu Przejdź do sekcji głównej Przejdź do stopki

Tom 30 Nr 1 (2022)

Historia Kościoła

Rasizm w epoce Renesansu. Wyjątkowa postawa Johannesa Reuchlina (1455–1522)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34839/wpt.2022.30.1.227-247  [Google Scholar]
Opublikowane: 26.07.2022

Abstrakt

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą udowodnienia, że sukces Reuchlina w ratowaniu żydowskich ksiąg przed zniszczeniem był większej wagi, niż zwykle przypisują mu historycy. Walka Reuchlina o zachowanie Talmudu i innych żydowskich ksiąg toczyła się w społeczeństwie dotkniętym rasizmem, głównie antysemityzmem rasowym, zjawiskiem słabo rozpoznanym i najczęściej negowanym przez badaczy średniowiecznej i wczesnonowożytnej Europy. Podstawy tego rasizmu zostały zarysowane w artykule. Chociaż Reuchlin nie zdawał sobie sprawy ze znaczenia swojej obrony Żydów z perspektywy walki z rasizmem, można jednak myśleć o nim jak o Martinie Lutherze Kingu walczącym z dyskryminacją rasową wobec określonej mniejszości. Pięćsetna rocznica śmierci Reuchlina, która przypadnie latem 2022 roku, jest doskonałą okazją do uczczenia stworzenia przez niego wyjątkowej koncepcji Żydów, a w gruncie rzeczy ludzkości, w XVI-wiecznej Europie.

Bibliografia

  1. Action and Conviction in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of E.H. Harbison, T.K. Rabb, J.E. Seigel (eds.), Princeton 1969. [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams J., Heß C., Jewish Life and Books under Scrutiny: Ethnography, Polemics, and Converts, [in:] Revealing the Secrets of the Jews: Johannes Pfefferkorn and Christian Writings about Jewish Life and Literature in Early Modern Europe, J. Adams, C. Heß (eds.), Berlin–Boston 2017, pp. 3–24. [Google Scholar]
  3. Bernstein E., Die Reuchlin-Kontroverse und der Humanistenkreis um Mutianus Rufus, [in:] M. Laureys, R. Simons (Hg.), Die Kunst des Streitens: Inszenierung, Formen und Funktionen öffentlichen Streits in historischer Perspektive, Göttingen 2010, pp. 295–316. [Google Scholar]
  4. Carben V. de., De vita et moribus Iudeorum, [in:] Opus Aureum ac Nouum in quo Omnes Judæorum Errores Manifestantur, Coloniae 1509. [Google Scholar]
  5. Carlebach E., Critical Introduction, [in:] J. Reuchlin, Recommendation Whether to Confiscate, Destroy and Burn all Jewish Books, transl. P. Wortsman, New York 2000, pp. 15–26. [Google Scholar]
  6. Carlebach E., Divided Souls: Converts from Judaism in Germany, 1500–1750, New Haven–London 2001. [Google Scholar]
  7. Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, vols. 1–3, Bietenholz P.G., T.B. Deutscher (eds.), Toronto 2003. [Google Scholar]
  8. Dall’Asta M., Price, David H[otchkiss]: Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, XII, 358 S., 10 Abb. (sw), “Scientia Poetica” 16/1 (2012), pp. 211–218. [Google Scholar]
  9. Der briefwechsel des Conradus Rufus, K. Gillert (Hg.), Bd. 1–2, Serie: Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete 18, Halle 1890. [Google Scholar]
  10. Deutsch Y., Judaism in Christian Eyes: Ethnographic Descriptions of Jews and Judaism in Early Modern Europe, Oxford 2012. [Google Scholar]
  11. Diemling M., Historical Introduction, [in:] J. Pfefferkorn, The Jews’ Mirror (Der Juden Spiegel), transl. R.I. Cape, serie: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, Binghamton, pp. 7–32. [Google Scholar]
  12. Diemling M., Navigating Christian Space: Jewish responses to Christian Imagery in Early Modern German Lands, [in:] Visualizing Jews Through the Ages: Literary and Material Representations of Jewishness and Judaism, H. Ewence, H. Spurling (eds.), New York–London 2015, pp. 266–299. [Google Scholar]
  13. Diemling M., The image of women in the writings of Victor of Carben, “Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of Jewish Studies” (July 29–August 5, 1997), pp. 91–100. [Google Scholar]
  14. Eliav-Feldon M., Isaac B., Ziegler J., Introduction, [in:] The Origins of Racism in the West, M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, J. Ziegler (eds.), Cambridge–New York 2009, pp. 1–31. [Google Scholar]
  15. Erasmus Desiderius, Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 27: Literary and Educational Writings, 5 and 6, A.H.T. Levi (ed.), Toronto 1986. [Google Scholar]
  16. Erasmus Desiderius, Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 71: Controversies, J.K. Sowards (ed.), Toronto 1993. [Google Scholar]
  17. Erasmus Desiderius, Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami, serie: Opera omnia, Amsterdam 1969–1994. [Google Scholar]
  18. Erasmus Desiderius, Erasmi Opuscula: A Supplement to the Opera Omnia, W.K. Ferguson (ed.), New York 2013. [Google Scholar]
  19. Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters, I. Zinguer, A. Melamed, Z. Shalev (eds.), serie: Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies 45, Leiden 2011. [Google Scholar]
  20. Heng G., The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages, Cambridge 2018. [Google Scholar]
  21. Hsia Po-chia R., Religion and Race: Protestant and Catholic Discourses on Jewish Conversion in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, [in:] The Origins of Racism in the West, M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, J. Ziegler (eds.), Cambridge–New York 2009, pp. 265–275. [Google Scholar]
  22. Hund W.D., Affeldt S., ‘Racism’ Down Under: The Prehistory of a Concept in Australia, “Australian Studies Journal” 33/34 (2019/2020), pp. 9–30. [Google Scholar]
  23. Hutten U. von, Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, E. Böcking (ed.), vols. 1–5, Leipsic 1859–1862. [Google Scholar]
  24. Ingram K., Introduction, [in:] The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond, vol. 1: Departures and Change, K. Ingram (ed.), serie: Studies in Medieval & Reformation Traditions 141, Leiden 2009, pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
  25. Jablonski N.G., Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color, Berkeley 2012. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jablonski N.G., Skin color and race, “American Journal of Physical Anthropology” 175/2 (2021), pp. 437–447. [Google Scholar]
  27. Johannes Reuchlin Briefwechsel, M. Dall’Asta, G. Dörner (Hg.), Bd. 1: 1477–1505, Stuttgart 1999. [Google Scholar]
  28. Johannes Reuchlin Briefwechsel, M. Dall’Asta, G. Dörner (Hg.), Bd. 2: 1506–1513, Stuttgart 2003. [Google Scholar]
  29. Johannes Reuchlin, Sämtliche Werke, Bd. 4, Teil 1, W.-W. Ehlers, H. G. Roloff, P. Schäfer (Hg.), Stuttgart 1996. [Google Scholar]
  30. Kaplan D., Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books by David H. Price, “Jewish History” 27 (2013), pp. 101–105. [Google Scholar]
  31. Kaplan G.B., The Inception of Limpieza de Sangre (Purity of Blood) and its Impact in Medieval and Golden Age Spain, [in:] Marginal Voices: Studies in Converso Literature of Medieval and Golden Age Spain, A.I. Aronson-Friedman, G.B. Kaplan (eds.), serie: Medieval and early modern Iberian world 46, Leiden–Boston 2012, pp. 19–42. [Google Scholar]
  32. Kaplan M.L., Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity, Oxford 2019. [Google Scholar]
  33. Kaufmann T., Luther and the Jews, “Antisemitism Studies” 3/1 (2019), pp. 46–65. [Google Scholar]
  34. Kaufmann T., Luther’s Jews: A Journey into Anti-Semitism, transl. L. Sharpe, J. Noakes, Oxford 2017. [Google Scholar]
  35. La pureté de sang en Espagne. Du lignage à la «race», R. Carrasco, A. Molinié, B. Perez (éd.), Paris 2011. [Google Scholar]
  36. Luther M., Weimar Ausgabe, Weimar 1883–1929. [Google Scholar]
  37. Mansfield B.E., Erasmus in the Nineteenth Century: The Liberal Tradition, “Studies in the Renaissance” 15 (1968), pp. 193–219. [Google Scholar]
  38. Mansfield B.E., Phoenix of His Age: Interpretations of Erasmus c. 1550–1770, Toronto 1979. [Google Scholar]
  39. Markish S., Erasmus and the Jews, transl. A. Ollcott, Chicago–London 1986. [Google Scholar]
  40. Markys R.A., The Jesuit Order as a Synagogue of Jews: Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus, Leiden 2010. [Google Scholar]
  41. Martínez M.E., Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion and Gender in Colonial Mexico, Stanford 2008. [Google Scholar]
  42. Medieval Spain and Beyond, vol. 1: Departures and Change, K. Ingram (ed.), serie: Studies in Medieval & Reformation Traditions 141, Leiden 2009. [Google Scholar]
  43. Mignolo W.D., The Idea of Latin America, Oxford 2005. [Google Scholar]
  44. Molinié A., Perez B., De la pureté de sang aux XVe et XVIe siècles, [in:] Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters, I. Zinguer, A. Melamed, Z. Shalev (eds.), serie: Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies 45, Leiden 2011, pp. 137–153. [Google Scholar]
  45. Nirenberg D., Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition, New York–London 2013. [Google Scholar]
  46. Nirenberg D., Conversion, Sex, and Segregation: Jews and Christians in Medieval Spain, “The American Historical Review” 107/4 (2002), pp. 1065–1093. [Google Scholar]
  47. Nirenberg D., Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in Fifteenth-Century Spain, “Past & Present” 174/1 (2002), pp. 3–41. [Google Scholar]
  48. Nirenberg D., Was there race before modernity? The example of ‘Jewish’ blood in late medieval Spain, [in:] The Origins of Racism in the West, M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, J. Ziegler (eds.), Cambridge–New York 2009, pp. 232–264. [Google Scholar]
  49. Oberman H.A., The Impact of the Reformation, Grand Rapids 1994. [Google Scholar]
  50. Oberman H.A., The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation, transl. J.I. Porter, Philadelphia 1984. [Google Scholar]
  51. Oz A., Oz-Salzberger F., Jews and Words, New Haven 2002. [Google Scholar]
  52. Posset F., Collected Works, vol. 4: Respect for the Jews, Eugene 2019. [Google Scholar]
  53. Posset F., In Search of the Historical Pfefferkorn: The Missionary to the Jews, 1507–1508, [in:] Revealing the Secrets of the Jews: Johannes Pfefferkorn and Christian Writings about Jewish Life and Literature in Early Modern Europe, J. Adams, C. Heß (eds.), Berlin–Boston 2017, pp. 43–60. [Google Scholar]
  54. Posset F., Johann Reuchlin (1455–1522): A Theological Biography, serie: Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte 129, Berlin–Boston 2015. [Google Scholar]
  55. Price D.H., Christian Humanism and the Representation of Judaism: Johannes Reuchlin and the Discovery of Hebrew, “Arthuriana” 19/3 (2009), pp. 80–96. [Google Scholar]
  56. Price D.H., Johannes Pfefferkorn and Imperial Politics, [in:] Revealing the Secrets of the Jews: Johannes Pfefferkorn and Christian Writings about Jewish Life and Literature in Early Modern Europe, J. Adams, C. Heß (eds.), Berlin–Boston 2017, pp. 27–41. [Google Scholar]
  57. Price D.H., Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books, Oxford 2010. [Google Scholar]
  58. Rawley J.A., Behrendt S.D., The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History, Lincoln NE 2005. [Google Scholar]
  59. Resnick I., Conversion from the worst to the best: The relationship between medieval Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, [in:] Contesting Inter-Religious Conversion in the Medieval World, Y. Fox, Y. Yisraeli (eds.), London–New York 2017, pp. 197–209. [Google Scholar]
  60. Ron N., Erasmus and the “Other”: On Turks, Jews, and Indigenous Peoples, New York 2019. [Google Scholar]
  61. Ron N., Erasmus: Intellectual of the 16th Century, New York 2021. [Google Scholar]
  62. Ron N., Nicholas of Cusa, Francis of Assisi, and interreligious dialogue, “Academia Letters” (July 2021), pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
  63. Roper L., ‘Living I Was Your Plague’: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, Princeton–Oxford 2021. [Google Scholar]
  64. Roper L., Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet, New York 2016. [Google Scholar]
  65. Rubiés J.-P., Comparing Cultures in the Early Modern World: Hierarchies, Genealogies and the Idea of European Modernity, [in:] Regimes of Comparatism: Frameworks of Comparison in History, Religion and Anthropology Brill, R. Gagné, S. Goldhill, G.E.R. Lloyd (eds.), Leiden–Boston 2018, pp. 116–176. [Google Scholar]
  66. Rubiés J.-P., Were Early Modern Europeans Racist?, [in:] Ideas of ‘Race’ in the History of the Humanities, A. Morris-Reich, D. Rupnow (eds.), Cham 2017, pp. 33–87. [Google Scholar]
  67. Ruderman D.B., Review of Johann Reuchlin, On the Art of the Kabbalah, “Renaissance Quarterly” 37/3 (1984), pp. 432–435. [Google Scholar]
  68. Rummel E., Humanists, Jews, and Judaism, [in:] Jews, Judaism and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany, D.P. Bell, S.G. Burnett (eds.), Leiden 2006, pp. 3–31. [Google Scholar]
  69. Rummel E., The Case Against Johann Reuchlin: Religious and Social Controversy in Sixteenth-Century Germany, Toronto 2002. [Google Scholar]
  70. Rummel E., The Humanist-Scholastic Debate in the Renaissance and Reformation, Cambridge MA 1995. [Google Scholar]
  71. Shamir A., Christian Conceptions of Jewish Books: The Pfefferkorn Affair, Copenhagen 2011. [Google Scholar]
  72. Sicroff A.A., Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre: controversias entre los siglos XV y XVII, Madrid 1985. [Google Scholar]
  73. Steiner G., Our Homeland, the Text, “Salmagundi” 66 (1985), pp. 4–25. [Google Scholar]
  74. Stokes F.G., Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum: The Latin Text with an English Rendering, Notes, and a Historical Introduction, London 1909. [Google Scholar]
  75. Stokes F.G., On the Eve of the Revolution, New York 1964. [Google Scholar]
  76. Subrahmanyam S., The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History, London–New York 1993. [Google Scholar]
  77. The Origins of Racism in the West, M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, J. Ziegler (eds.), Cambridge–New York 2009 [Google Scholar]
  78. The Preservation of Jewish Religious Books in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Johannes Reuchlin’s Augenspiegel, D. O’Callaghan (transl. and ed.), serie: Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 163/2, Leiden–Boston 2013. [Google Scholar]
  79. Trevor-Roper H.R., Desiderius Erasmus, [in:] H.R. Trevor-Roper, Men and Events: Historical Essays, New York 1977, pp. 35–60. [Google Scholar]
  80. Trevor-Roper H.R., The Religious Origins of the Enlightenment, [in:] H.R. Trevor-Roper, Religion, the Reformation and Social Change and other essays, London–Melbourne 1967, pp. 193–236. [Google Scholar]
  81. Veltri G., Renaissance Philosophy in Jewish Garb: Foundations and Challenges in Judaism on the Eve of Modernity, Leiden 2008. [Google Scholar]
  82. Whitaker C.J., Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking, Philadelphia 2019. [Google Scholar]
  83. Williams G.H., Erasmus and the Reformers on Non-Christian Religions and ‘Salus Extra Ecclesiam’, [in:] Action and Conviction in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of E.H. Harbison, T.K. Rabb, J.E. Seigel (eds.), Princeton 1969. [Google Scholar]
  84. Wolf É., Érasme et l’Afrique: Comment penser l’altérité, “Scholia” 8 (1999), pp. 96–103. [Google Scholar]

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.