The main goal of this article is to present the views of Rev. Benedict Joachim Chmielowski (1700-1763) towards the myth of Poland as bulwark of Christianity, from the perspective of more or less implied megalomania and xenophobia. Attempts have been made to answer a number of important questions. Should ‘New Athens’ be considered as another megalomaniac affirmation in honor of the so-called “Sarmatian” homeland? Is Chmielowski guided by a stereotypes towards Polish neighbors and is his Polishness based on an uncritical sense of superiority? Finally, what is his vision of the myth of “antemurale”? Chmielowski’s famous work – ‘New Athens’ – is considered to be the first Polish encyclopedia (first edition in 1745). Particular emphasis was put on the curiosities, which was typical for pre-Enlightenment science. After the Partitions of Poland (1795), encyclopedia became a victim of a black legend. Chmielowski glorifies the role of Poland as a state guarding the Christian civilization. He also called his country “homeland of saints”. Although his work is far from megalomania and uncritical national selfsatisfaction. It is filled with authentic religious faith and fervent patriotism. Despite the national pride and lack of complexes, the author is able to be critical for his compatriots and objective towards his neighbors and other European nations as well. For the awakening of patriotism, national and religious feelings – aside from the propagation of knowledge – the author should have the grateful memory of the next generations. The popularization of the myth of Poland as the bulwark itself should be also considered as a significant contribution for the building of Polish national identity.