The letters examined in this paper were written by Leon Wałęga (1859-1933), who was Bishop of Tarnów between 1904 and 1932. They were addressed to his friend Archbishop Metropolitan of Lviv (Latin Rite) Józef Bilczewski (1860-1923). In his letters Wałęga is preoccupied with just a handful of issues. The most prominent of them deals with the developments within the peasant movement in Galicia and the activities of Fr. Stanisław Stojałowski. Among other issues raised in the correspondence of the two ecclesiasts are the problems of the worldwide and local Catholic Church, the First World War, the so-called Polish Question in the last days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and some of bishop Wałęga’s private concerns. The letters as a whole offer us a self-portrait of their author, an authoritarian and paternalistic character acting with great conviction in defence of the Church and the faith of ordinary people. The publication of bishop Wałęga’s letters enables the interested reader to gain a better understanding of the role of the Catholic Church in Galicia and the ways it responded to the challenge posed by the socio-political change at the beginning of the present century.