Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
##common.pageHeaderLogo.altText##

Vol. 29 (2022)

Artykuły

Texts and artifacts confirming Paul’s mission in Spain

  • Mateusz Wyrzykowski
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52097/rs.2022.663-676  [Google Scholar]
Published: 2023-09-19

Abstract

In the Letter to the Romans, Paul expresses his desire to go to Spain to preach the Gospel there. However, the Acts of the Apostles do not describe this event, so we are not able to clearly state whether it took place on the basis of the Bible. This article aims to present the evidence that proves it was carried out. The first part presents the indirect evidence found in the New Testament - determination to reach new cities and win the trial. Then, texts from the broadly understood tradition are presented. They clearly confirm the trip and provide a number of details, which proves their credibility. The third part contains knowledge of history and archeology. It allows to determine the probability of crossing to the Iberian Peninsula in the 1st century AD. Presented legends and artifacts confirm the possibility of the Apostle of the Nations preaching on the Iberian Peninsula. However, he had to obtain logistical, linguistic, and financial support from Christians living in Rome.

References

  1. Baron, S. W., A Social and Religious History of the Jews, New York 1952, t. I. [Google Scholar]
  2. Bowers, W. P., Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle, „The Journal of [Google Scholar]
  3. Theological Studies”, 26 (1975), s. 396-399. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bremmera, J. N., Aspects of the Acts of Peter: Women, Magic, Place and Date, w: The Apocryphal Acts of Peter: Magic, Miracles and Gnosticism, red. J. N. Bremmera, Leuven 1998, s. 1-20. [Google Scholar]
  5. Clement of Rome, The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, w: The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, red. A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, A. C. Coxe, Buffalo 1885. [Google Scholar]
  6. Cross, F. L., Livingstone, E. A., Clement of Rome, w: The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church, red. F. L. Cross, E. A. Livingstone, Oxford, New York 2005, s. 363. [Google Scholar]
  7. Cross, F. L., Livingstone E.A., Helvidius, w: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, red. F. L. Cross, E. A. Livingstone, Oxford, New York 2005, s. 753. [Google Scholar]
  8. Cross, F. L., Livingstone, E. A., Muratorian Canon, w: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, red. F. L. Cross, E. A. Livingstone, Oxford, New York 2005, s. 1133. [Google Scholar]
  9. Euzebiusz z Cezarei, Historia Kościelna, Kraków 2013. [Google Scholar]
  10. Fitzmyer, J. A., Romans: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New Haven, London 2008. [Google Scholar]
  11. Fowler, P. B., The Structure of Romans. The Argument of Paul’s Letter, Minneapolis 2016. [Google Scholar]
  12. Hock, R. F., The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry. Tentmakeing and Apostleship, Minneapolis 2007. [Google Scholar]
  13. Izydorczyk Z., Dzieje Piotra Apostoła i Szymona, „Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne”, 16 (2003), s. 101-150. [Google Scholar]
  14. Jerome, Adversus Helvidium, w: St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works, red. P. Schaff, H. Wace, New York 1893, s. 334-346. [Google Scholar]
  15. Jewett, R., Romans. A Commentary on the Book of Romans, Minneapolis 2007. [Google Scholar]
  16. John Chrysostom, Homilies on Matthew: Homily 75, w: Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew, red. P. Schaff, Nowy Jork 1888, s. 450-456. [Google Scholar]
  17. Józef Flawiusz, Dawne dzieje Izraela, Warszawa 2001. [Google Scholar]
  18. Józef Flawiusz, Wojna żydowska, Warszawa 1992. [Google Scholar]
  19. Knight, G.W., The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Greek Text, New International Greek Testament Commentary, Grand Rapids 1992. [Google Scholar]
  20. Leviticus Rabbah, https://www.sefaria.org/Vayikra_Rabbah.29.2?lang=bi [dostęp: 18.06.2022]. [Google Scholar]
  21. Menzies, A., The Gospel of Peter, the Diatessaron of Tatian, the Apocalypse of Peter, the Visio Pauli, the Apocalypses of the Virgil and Sedrach, the Testament of Abraham, the Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, the Narrative of Zosimus, the Apology of Aristides, the Epistles of Clement (Complete Text), Origen’s Commentary on John, Books I-X, and Commentary on Matthew, Books I, II, and X-XIV, red. A. Menzies, New York 1897, t. 9. [Google Scholar]
  22. Miłkowski, T., Machcewicz, P., Historia Hiszpanii, Wrocław 2009. [Google Scholar]
  23. New Testament Apocrypha. Gospels and Related Writings, Louisville, London 1991, t. I. [Google Scholar]
  24. New Testament Apocrypha. Writings Relating to the Apostles Apocalypses and Related Subjects, red. W. Schneemelcher, Louisville, London 2003, t. II. [Google Scholar]
  25. Pseudo-Hippolytus of Rome, On the Twelve Apostles, w: Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Novatian, Appendix, red. A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, A. C. Coxe Buffalo 1886, t. 5. [Google Scholar]
  26. Schmidt, M. W. G. A., “And on this Rock I Will Build My Church”. A new Edition of Philip Schaff’s “History of the Christian Church”: Medieval Church History. From Gregory VII. to the Protestant Reformation A.D. 1049-1517, Hamburg 2017. [Google Scholar]
  27. Thiselton, A. C., The First Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text, Michigan, Cambridge, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  28. Wilcoxen, M.A., Clement, First Letter, w: The Lexham Bible Dictionary, red. J. D. Barry, D. Bomar, D. R. Brown, R. Klippenstein, D. Mangum, C. Sinclair Wolcott, Bellingham 2016. [Google Scholar]