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Nr 3/2026/79 (2026)

Artykuły

Krytyczna analiza faktyczna i prawna zarzutów dotyczących perfidnego (zdradzieckiego) postępowania ofiar zbrodni w Ovčarze. Cz. 1

Opublikowane: 30-09-2026

Abstrakt

Artykuł zawiera analizę faktycznych i prawnych aspektów zarzutów dotyczących aktów perfidii i zdrady, których rzekomo mieli się dopuścić się chorwaccy bojownicy, schwytani w szpitalu w Vukovarze w 1991 roku, wobec strony przeciwnej. Głównym celem jest ustalenie, co faktycznie miało miejsce podczas omawianych wydarzeń, oraz ocena, czy zarzuty dotyczące zdradzieckiego, perfidnego postępowania są uzasadnione pod względem faktycznym i prawnym. Do osiągnięcia tego celu zastosowano metodę studium przypadku, z wykorzystaniem metod analitycznych i syntetycznych w analizie dokumentów Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego dla byłej Jugosławii (MTKJ) oraz Sądu Okręgowego w Belgradzie. Została ona dodatkowo poparta krytyczną analizą odpowiednich przepisów międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego i międzynarodowego prawa karnego, a także opiniami licznych badaczy prawa. Ponieważ studium przypadku ujawnia okoliczności, które poprzedzały domniemane akty perfidii i do nich prowadziły, w artykule rozważono również powiązaną kwestię odmowy okazania łaski. Badania wykazują, że – zarówno w świetle prawa międzynarodowego (traktatowego oraz zwyczajowego), jak i dominującego stanowiska doktryny prawa – działania chorwackich bojowników nie stanowiły aktów zdrady czy perfidii. Wręcz przeciwnie, ich zachowanie było desperacką próbą ratowania własnego życia bez uciekania się do zabijania lub ranienia przeciwnika, w okolicznościach wskazujących na bezkarność za popełnienie zbrodni wojennej – polegającej na odmowie okazania łaski – której wcześniej dopuściła się wobec nich strona przeciwna.

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