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Nasza Przeszłość

Vol. 61 (1984): Our Past

Articles

"Ratio studiorum" in diocesan seminaries under the management of missionary priests (1675-1864)

  • Jan Dukała
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52204/np.1984.61.149-231  [Google Scholar]
Published: 1984-06-30

Abstract

In 1675, twenty-four years after leaving France and arriving in Poland, priests from the Congregation of the Mission took over the leadership of the Holy Cross diocesan seminary in Warsaw. In independent Poland, they took over the management of a total of twenty-two diocesan seminaries, and this number remained almost unchanged during the period of Poland's relocation, with some seminaries being closed down and others being opened. In 1822, the Congregation of the Mission was dissolved in the territories occupied by Prussia, in 1842 in the territories occupied by Russia, and in 1864 the Congregation was dissolved in the Kingdom of Poland. The influence of the Congregation of the Mission on the education and training of the diocesan clergy was enormous, as the historiography of the subject emphasizes. Based on sources from state archives kept in dioceses and seminaries, and especially from the Polish archives of the Congregation of the Mission in Krakow, we presented the subsequent stages of changes taking place in the studiorum coefficient used in seminaries run by the Congregation of the Mission. The first stage in the history of "ratio", which lasts from 1675 until the dissolution of Jesuit schools and the reorganization of education decided by the National Education Commission in the 1770s, is characterized by the following features: 1) the time allocated for learning is not standardized ( ranges from three months to two years), 2) the pastoral nature of the subjects taught, years of study, and the selection of subjects taught were determined by the degree of preparation of the candidates, who basically came from either Jesuit colleges or despiarist schools, 3) the definition of the program was strictly local ordinary, and its implementation depended on the Congregation of the Mission and on the material equipment of the said seminary, which in turn determined; implementation of Ratio studiorum. The second stage of this relationship ends, in the context of this article, with the dissolution of the Congregation of the Mission in 1864. The relationship during this period is characterized by frequent changes in the study programs in the seminaries and by several attempts to standardize them in the respective annexed territories. The interference of the occupiers, especially Austrians, in the process of training the clergy intensified at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries, reaching as far as the liquidation of several theological seminaries and the appointment of a general director or general seminaries in Lviv, Vilnius and Warsaw. The ideas of the Enlightenment, state control over the Church, Josephinism and Febronianism permeated the seminaries through more or less imposed study programs. In the 19th century, they were founded after a discussion between official educational representatives, ordinary bishops of given dioceses and visitors of the Congregation of the Mission or members of the management of given seminaries. In our article, we analyzed the study programs used at the beginning of the 19th century in theological seminaries located in the Prussian partition, the program called A. Pohl's ratio around 1803 in the Russian partition and in Stradom in Krakow in 1821. In the 1820s and 1830s w. programs generally provided for studies lasting four years (later five years), our knowledge remains incomplete when it comes to the education of students in diocesan seminaries headed by the contours, because in the historiography relating to the studiorum coefficient, the issue of knowledge about education - at the secondary level of candidates After the dissolution of the Jesuit schools and the fall of the Piarist schools, this question remains unanswered. The literature also lacks a detailed description of the content of the textbooks on which teaching at philosophical and theological seminaries was based.

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