Zur Hauptnavigation springen Zum Inhalt springen Zur Fußzeile springen
Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny

Bd. 33 Nr. 1 (2025)

Philosophie

Philosophy and Theology Combined? The Metaphysical Tradition of Western Scholasticism in the Field of Reflection on God Against the Background of St Thomas Aquinas’ Approach to the Concept of God

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52097/wpt.8724  [Google Scholar]
Veröffentlicht: 2025-06-03

Abstract

The paper deals with two seemingly opposing fields pertaining to the relationship between theology and philosophy, in which the pursuit of apprehending Divinity through human experience may have divergent meanings. However, such an assumption only seems apparent in relation to scholastic thought, which turns out to be closely linked to religious thinking, both in the fields of theology and philosophy, which do not diverge from each other in sharp contrast. This is demonstrated in three sections, drawing on the source and supplementary literature, although rather in a general and opinion-forming approach than in the form of a systematic exegesis aimed at justifying this coherence. I also provided a brief introduction and some concluding remarks. In the following research, I examine the obvious links between theology and philosophy that point to the validity of this thesis. I based my thesis on historical and analytical insight into the leading metaphysical trends of medieval Western Scholasticism and Aquinas’ concept of Ipsum Esse, as well as comparable ideas in the second Latin scholastic thought at the turn of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, otherwise mainly observable in Francisco Suárez of the Jesuit Order. The last issue, I set out more extensively, refers to the Aquinas’ Ipsum Esse, which is a theory commonly tied to existential metaphysics, less frequently so with theology. Nevertheless, it can be reasonably demonstrated that Aquinas presumably pointed to Ipsum Esse as a metaphysical category that may convincingly combine theology with philosophy by thinking of God as a supreme being manifesting Himself in His inner nature within reality. Through this approach, Aquinas seems to fill an important gap that usually divides these two disciplines. Despite their presumed divergences, they undoubtedly have something in common. In Aquinas and scholastics who followed him to a large extent, God turns out to be the primum movens and Ipsum Esse and an underlying concept for both theology, which operates on the borders of metaphysics, and metaphysics, which operates on the boundaries of theology, although they are approaching God from different perspectives in their own respective fields. They seem to somehow refer to the same object of knowledge, namely by referring to the concept of God as either a metaphysical foundation, a doctrinal premise for further inquiries, or the ultimate climax of the entire system of knowledge.

Literaturhinweise

  1. Angelelli, Ignacio. “Sobre la ‘Restauración’ de los textos filosóficos ibéricos.” Documentación Crítica Iberoamericana de Filosofía y Ciencias Afines 2, no. 4 (1965): 423–46. [Google Scholar]
  2. Aristotelis castigatissime recognitum opus metaphysicum a Clarissimo principe Bessarione Cardinale Niceno latinitate foeliciter donatum, xiiii libris distinctum: cum adiecto in xii primos libros Argyropyli Byzantii interpretament, rarum proculdubio et hactenus desideratum opus. Deus optimus qui sub nomine ipsius entis in hoc opere celebratur… Parisiis: Apud Henricum Stephanum, 1515. [Google Scholar]
  3. Aristotle. Metaphysica. Edited by W. D. Ross and J. A. Smith. The Works of Aristotle 8. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aristotle. “Physics.” In The Basic Works of Aristotle, edited by Richard McKeon. Modern Library Classics. New York: The Modern Library, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashworth, Earline Jennifer. “Suárez on the Analogy of Being: Some Historical Background.” Vivarium 33, no. 1 (1995): 50–75. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568534952579768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568534952579768 [Google Scholar]
  6. Avicenna. Tractatus I–IV. Vol. 1 of Liber de philosophia prima sive scientia divina, edited and translated by Simone van Riet, with an introduction by Gérard Verbeke. Avicenna Latinus. Louvain: E. Peeters; Leiden: Brill, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004451261 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bafia, Stanisław. “Bacon Roger.” In Powszechna encyklopedia filozofii, 1:456–61. Lublin: Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bañes, Dominici. Scholastica commentaria in Primam partem Angelici Doctoris D. Thomae, Usque ad sexagesimam quartum Quaestionum complectentia. Rome: Iacobum Ruffinellum, 1584. [Google Scholar]
  9. Bennett, Owen. The Nature of Demonstrative Proof According to the Principles of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1943. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bennett, Owen. “St. Thomas’ Theory of Demonstrative Proof.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 17 (1941): 76–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/acpaproc19411721 [Google Scholar]
  11. Berger, David. “Offenbarung und Glaube: Eine fundamentaltheologische Untersuchung.” Una Voce-Korrespondenz 30, no. 4 (2000): 195–214. [Google Scholar]
  12. Bettoni, Efrem. Duns Scotus: The Basic Principles of His Philosophy. Edited and translated by Bernardine Bonansea. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1961. [Google Scholar]
  13. Blanchette, Oliva. Philosophy of Being: A Reconstructive Essay in Metaphysics. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  14. Blum, Paul Richard. Philosophenphilosophie und Schulphilosophie: Typen des Philosophierens in der Neuzeit. Studia Leibnitiana 27. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998. [Google Scholar]
  15. Blum, Paul Richard, and Vilem Mudroch. “Die Schulphilosophie in den katholischen Territorien.” In Das heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation, Nord- und Ostmitteleuropa. Vol. 4 of Die Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts, edited by Helmut Holzhey and Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann, 302–91. Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. Basel: Schwabe, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  16. Böhner, Philotheus. “Zu Ockhams Beweis der Existanz Gottes.” Franziskanische Studien 32 (1950): 50–69. [Google Scholar]
  17. Böhner, Philotheus. “Zu Ockhams Beweis der Existenz Gottes: Texte und Erklärungen.” In Collected Articles on Ockham, edited by Eligius M. Buytaert, 399–420. St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute; Louvain: Nauwelaerts; Paderborn: Schöningh, 1958. [Google Scholar]
  18. Boyle, John F. “Aquinas’ Roman Commentary on Peter Lombard.” Anuario Filosófico 39, no. 2 (2006): 477–96. https://doi.org/10.15581/009.39.29302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/009.39.29302 [Google Scholar]
  19. Bradshaw, David. Aristotle East and West: Metaphysics and the Division of Christendom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482489 [Google Scholar]
  20. Brock, Stephen L. “On Whether Aquinas’s Ipsum Esse Is ’Platonism’.” The Review of Metaphysics 60, no. 2 (2006): 269–303. [Google Scholar]
  21. Carreras y Artau, Tomás, and Joaquín Carreras y Artau. Historia de la filosofía española: Filosofía cristiana de los siglos XIII al XV. Vol. 2. Madrid: Asociación Española para el Progreso de las Ciencias, 1943. [Google Scholar]
  22. Carton, Raoul. L’expérience mystique de l’illumination intérieure chez Roger Bacon. Études de philosophie médiévale 3. Paris: J. Vrin, 1924. [Google Scholar]
  23. Casarella, Peter J. “Nicholas of Cusa and the Power of the Possible.” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 64, no. 1 (1990): 7–34. https://doi.org/10.5840/acpq199064141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/acpq199064141 [Google Scholar]
  24. Combes, André, ed. Ioannis Carlerii de Gerson De mystica theologia. Thesaurus Mundi. Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum Mediae et Recentioris Aetatis. Lucani: Thesaurus Mundi, 1958. [Google Scholar]
  25. Congar, Yves. “Tradition et Sacra doctrina chez saint Thomas d’Aquin.” In Église et Tradition, edited by Johannes Betz and Heinrich Fries, 157–94. Lyon: Éditions Xavier Mappus, 1963. [Google Scholar]
  26. Darge, Rolf. “Erste Philosophie als Transzendentalwissenschaft gemäß Duns Scotus: Seinswissenschaft oder ,Onto-Logik‘?” Philosophisches Jahrbuch 111, no. 1 (2004): 43–61. [Google Scholar]
  27. Dedek, John F. “Quasi Experimentalis Cognitio: A Historical Approach to the Meaning of St. Thomas.” Theological Studies 22, no. 3 (1961): 357–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/004056396102200301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004056396102200301 [Google Scholar]
  28. Donohoo, Lawrence J. “The Nature and Grace of Sacra Doctrina in St. Thomas’s Super Boe¬tium de Trinitate.” The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 63, no. 3 (1999): 343–401. https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.1999.0015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.1999.0015 [Google Scholar]
  29. Doyle, John P. “Ipsum Esse as God-Surrogate: The Point of Convergence of Faith and Reason for St. Thomas Aquinas.” The Modern Schoolman 50, no. 3 (1973): 293–96. https://doi.org/10.5840/schoolman197350328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/schoolman197350328 [Google Scholar]
  30. Doyle, John P. “St. Thomas Aquinas on Theological Truth.” In Philosophy and Theology in the Long Middle Ages, edited by Kent Emery, Russell Friedman, and Andreas Speer, 571–89. Leiden: Brill, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004169425.i-1006.87 [Google Scholar]
  31. Doyle, John P. “Suarez on the Analogy of Being.” The Modern Schoolman 46, no. 3 (1969): 219–49. https://doi.org/10.5840/schoolman196946364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/schoolman196946364 [Google Scholar]
  32. Doyle, John P. “The Suarezian Proof for God’s Existence.” In History of Philosophy in the Making: A Symposium of Essays to Honor Professor James D. Collins on his 65th Birthday, edited by Linus J. Thro, 105–17. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982. [Google Scholar]
  33. Duns Scotus, John. Philosophical Writings. Translated, with an introduction, by Allan B. Wolter. Library of Liberal Arts 194. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/13130-000 [Google Scholar]
  34. Emery, Gilles. The Trinitarian Theology of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Translated by Francesca Aran Murphy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  35. Eschweiler, Karl. “Die Philosophie der spanischen Spätscholastik auf den deutschen Universitäten des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts.” In Spanische Forschungen der GörresGesellschaft, 1:251–325. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kulturgeschichte Spaniens. Erste Reihe. Münster: Aschendorff, 1928. [Google Scholar]
  36. Fazzo, Silvia, and Mauro Zonta. “Aristotle’s Theory of Causes and the Holy Trinity: New Evidence About the Chronology and Religion of Nicolaus ‘of Damascus’.” Laval théologique et philosophique 64, no. 3 (2009): 681–90. https://doi.org/10.7202/037699ar. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/037699ar [Google Scholar]
  37. Fenton, Joseph Clifford. The Concept of Sacred Theology. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing, 1941. [Google Scholar]
  38. Ferejohn, Michael T. “Definition and the Two Stages of Aristotelian Demonstration.” Review of Metaphysics 36, no. 2 (1982): 375–95. [Google Scholar]
  39. Freddoso, Alfred J. “God’s General Concurrence with Secondary Causes: Pitfalls and Prospects.” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 68, no. 2 (1994): 131–56. https://doi.org/10.5840/acpq199468224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/acpq199468224 [Google Scholar]
  40. Freddoso, Alfred J. “A Suárezian Model of Efficient Causality.” Accessed February 24, 2025. https://www3.nd.edu/~afreddos/papers/effcause.htm. [Google Scholar]
  41. Garber, Daniel, and Michael Ayers. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [Google Scholar]
  42. García Yebra, Valentín, ed. Aristotelois ta meta ta physica: Aristotelis mataphysica: Metafísica de Aristóteles. 2nd revised ed. Biblioteca Hispánica de Filosofía. Madrid: Gredos, 1990. [Google Scholar]
  43. Gerson, Jean. Oeuvres complètes. Edited by Palémon Glorieux. 10 vols. Paris: Desclée, 1960–1973. [Google Scholar]
  44. Gerson, Jean. Selections from A Deo exivit, Contra curiositatem studentium, and De mystica theologia speculativa. Edited, translated, and annotated, with an introduction, by Steven E. Ozment. Textus Minores 38. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004621060 [Google Scholar]
  45. Geybels, Hans. Cognitio Dei experimentalis: A Theological Genealogy of Christian Religious Experience. Leuven: Peeters, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  46. Gilson, Étienne. “Avicenne et les origines de la notion de cause efficiente.” In Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale die Filosofia, Società Filosofica Italiana, 9:121–30. Firenze: Sansoni, 1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/wcp1219609385 [Google Scholar]
  47. Goczał, Robert. Onto-teo-logia: Status bytu realnego i myślnego w metafizyce Francisco Suáreza. Warszawa: Warszawska Firma Wydawnicza, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  48. Goczał, Robert. “Sacra Doctrina vs. Doctrina Philosophorum – Jeden Bóg i dwie teologie.” In Wiara teologów a rozum filozofów: Rozważania naukowe z teologii i filozofii chrześcijańskiej, edited by Robert Goczał, 107–65. Wrocław: Papieski Wydział Teologiczny, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  49. Goczał, Robert. “Status intelektu czynnego w noetyce Al-Fârâbîego i Awicenny na tle scholastycznego rozumienia iluminacji i abstrakcji.” In Principia Philosophiae Christianae, edited by Robert Goczał and Piotr Mrzygłód, 3:69–190. Wrocław: Papieski Wydziału Teologiczny, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  50. Gourinat, Michel. “La querelle de l’ontothéologie: L’interprétation de la théologie médiévale par Heidegger.” Cahiers de recherches médiévales, no. 2 (1996): 85–93. https://doi.org/10.4000/crm.2486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/crm.2486 [Google Scholar]
  51. Grabmann, Martin. “Die Disputationes Metaphysicae der Franz Suárez in ihrer methodischen Eigenart und Fortwirkung.” In Mittelalterliches Geistesleben. Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Scholastik und Mystik, Grabmann, Martin, 1:525–60. München: Max Hueber Verlag, 1926. [Google Scholar]
  52. Grabmann, Martin. Neu aufgefundene Werke des Siger von Brabant und Boetius von Dacien. München: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, 1924. [Google Scholar]
  53. Grabmann, Martin. “Neuaufgefundene «Quastionen» Sigers von Brabant zu den Werken des Aristoteles (Clm. 9559).” In Per la storia della teologia e della filosofia. Vol. 1 of Miscellanea Francesco Ehrle: Scritti di Storia e Paleografia, 103–47. Roma: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1924. [Google Scholar]
  54. Gryżenia, Kazimierz. Analogia w scholastyce nowożytnej: Studium z metafizyki Franciszka Suáreza. Lublin: Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  55. Hankey, Wayne J. “Aquinas and the Platonists.” In The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Doxographic Approach, edited by Stephen Gersh and Maarten J.F.M. Hoenen, 279–324. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110908497.279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110908497.279 [Google Scholar]
  56. Hellín, José. “De la analogía del ser y los posibles en Suárez.” Pensamiento 2 (1946): 267–94. [Google Scholar]
  57. Hellín, José. “Necesidad de la analogía del ser según Suárez.” Pensamiento 1 (1945): 447–70. [Google Scholar]
  58. Henle, Robert John. Saint Thomas and Platonism: A Study of the Plato and Platonici Texts in the Writings of Saint Thomas. Dordrecht: Springer, 1970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-3167-7 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hissette, Roland. Enquête sur les 219 articles condamnés à Paris le 7 mars 1277. Philosophes Médiévaux 22. Louvain: Publications Universitaires; Paris: VanderOyez, 1977. [Google Scholar]
  60. Honnefelder, Ludger. La métaphysique comme science transcendantale entre le Moyen âge et les temps modernes. Translated by Isabelle Mandrella. Chaire Étienne Gilson. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  61. Kelly, John N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 5th, revised edition. London: A. & C. Black, 1977. [Google Scholar]
  62. Kijewska, Agnieszka. “Bóg jako Primum Cognitum – dyskusje i kontrowersje (bł. Duns Szkot, Henryk z Gandawy, św. Tomasz z Akwinu, św. Bonawentura, Mikołaj z Kuzy).” Roczniki Filozoficzne 67, no. 2 (2019): 5–30. https://doi.org/10.18290/rf.2019.67.2-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rf.2019.67.2-1 [Google Scholar]
  63. Klima, Gyula. “Ancilla theologiae vs. domina philosophorum. Thomas Aquinas, Latin Averroism and the Autonomy of Philosophy.” In Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter? Akten des X. Internationalen Kongresses für Mittelalterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l’Etude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 25. bis 30. August 1997 in Erfurt, edited by Jan A. Aertsen and Andreas Speer, 393–402. Miscellanea Mediaevalia 26. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110801453.393 [Google Scholar]
  64. Krausmüller, Dirk. “Philosophia Ancilla Theologiae: Plotinus’ Definition of Sensible Substance and its Adaptation in John Philoponus’ Arbiter.” Vigiliae Christianae 73, no. 2 (2019): 149–58. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341385 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kuksewicz, Zdzisław. “Średniowieczny awerroizm żydowski.” Studia Judaica 8, nos. 1–2 (2005): 15–33. [Google Scholar]
  66. Lanning, John Tate. Academic Culture in the Spanish Colonies. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971. [Google Scholar]
  67. Lasker, Daniel J. “Averroistic Trends in Jewish-Christian Polemics in the Late Middle Ages.” Speculum 55, no. 2 (1980): 294–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/2847289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2847289 [Google Scholar]
  68. Leinsle, Ulrich G. Einführung in die scholastische Theologie. UTB für Wissenschaft 1865. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1995. [Google Scholar]
  69. Lewalter, Ernst. Spanisch-jesuitische und deutsch-lutherische Metaphysik des 17. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der iberisch-deutschen Kulturbeziehungen und zur Vorgeschichte des deutschen Idealismus. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1967. [Google Scholar]
  70. Little, Arthur. “The Platonic Heritage of Thomism.” Review of Metaphysics 8 (1954): 105–24. [Google Scholar]
  71. Marion, Jean-Luc. “Saint Thomas d’Aqiun et l’ontothéologie.” Revue Thomiste 95, no. 1 (1995): 31–66. [Google Scholar]
  72. Marion, Jean-Luc. “Thomas Aquinas and Onto-theo-logy.” In Mystics: Presence and Aporia, edited by Michael Kessler and Christian Sheppard, 38–75. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  73. Maryniarczyk, Andrzej. “Metafizyka jako ancilla scientiae (nauki przyrodnicze: metafizyka – wiara).” Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej 11, no. 1 (2012): 59–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15290/rtk.2012.11.1.06 [Google Scholar]
  74. Maryniarczyk, Andrzej. Realistyczna interpretacja rzeczywistości. Vol. 3 of Zeszyty z metafizyki. Lublin: Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  75. McInerny, Ralph M. Aquinas Against the Averroists: On There Being Only One Intellect. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1993. [Google Scholar]
  76. Mora, José Ferrater. “Suarez et la philosophie moderne.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 68, no. 1 (1963): 57–69. [Google Scholar]
  77. Nicolai de Cusa. “De apice theoriae.” In De venatione sapientiae: De apice theoriae, Nicolai de Cusa, edited by Raymond Klibansky and Hans Gerhard Senger, 117–36. Nicolai de Cusa Opera Omnia 12. Hamburg: Meiner, 1982. [Google Scholar]
  78. Noone, Timothy. “Divine Illumination.” In The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, edited by Robert Pasnau and Christina van Dyke, 1:369–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521762168.029 [Google Scholar]
  79. Norberto del Prado. De veritate fundamentali philosophiae christianae. Friburgi Helvetiorum: Ex Typis Consociationis Sancti Pauli, 1911. [Google Scholar]
  80. O’Rourke, Fran. “Aquinas and Platonism.” In Contemplating Aquinas, edited by Fergus Kerr, 247–79. London: SCM Press, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  81. O’Rourke, Fran. “Being and Non-Being in Pseudo-Dionysius.” In The Relationship Between Neoplatonism and Christianity, edited by Thomas. Finan and Vincent Twomey, 55–78. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1992. [Google Scholar]
  82. O’Rourke, Fran. Pseudo-Dionysius and the Metaphysics of Aquinas. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  83. O’Rourke, Fran. “Virtus Essendi: Intensive Being in Pseudo-Dionysius and Aquinas.” Dionysius 15 (1991): 31–80. [Google Scholar]
  84. Ozment, Steven E. Homo spiritualis: A Comparative Study of the Anthropology of Johannes Tauler, Jean Gerson and Martin Luther (1509–1516) in the Context of their Theological Thought. 72–87. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought 6. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004474970 [Google Scholar]
  85. Peperzak, Adriaan. “Religion After Onto-Theology?” In Religion After Metaphysics, edited by Mark A. Wrathall, 104–22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511615399.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615399.009 [Google Scholar]
  86. Pich, Roberto Hofmeister, and Andreas Speer, eds. Contemplation and Philosophy: Scholastic and Mystical Modes of Medieval Philosophical Thought: A Tribute to Kent Emery, Jr. Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 125. Leiden: Brill, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004379299 [Google Scholar]
  87. Pines, Shlomo. “Studies in Christianity and Judaeo-Christianity Based on Arabic Sources.” In Studies in the History of Religion. Vol. 4 of The Collected Works of Sholomo Pines, edited by Guy G. Stroumsa, 334–88. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996. [Google Scholar]
  88. Raizman-Kedar, Yael. “The Intellect Naturalized: Roger Bacon on the Existence of Corporeal Species Within the Intellect.” In Evidence and Interpretation in Studies on Early Science and Medicine Essays in Honor of John E. Murdoch, edited by Edith Dudley Sylla and William Royall Newman, 131–57. Leiden: Brill, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004178786.i-458.43 [Google Scholar]
  89. Robbins, Jeffrey W. “The Problem of Ontotheology: Complicating the Divide Between Philosophy and Theology.” The Heythrop Journal 43, no. 2 (2002): 139–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2265.00188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2265.00188 [Google Scholar]
  90. Salas, Victor. Immanent Transcendence: Francisco Suárez’s Doctrine of Being. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/book.109352 [Google Scholar]
  91. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. “In libros Posteriorum Analyticorum expositio.” In Commentaria in Aristotelis libros Peri hermeneias et Posteriorum analyticorum, Sancti Thomae Aquinatis, edited by Tommaso Maria Zigliara, 137–324. Opera omnia iussu impensaque Leonis XIII P.M. Edita 1. Romae: ex Typographia Polyglotta S.C. de Propaganda Fide, 1882. [Google Scholar]
  92. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. In metaphysicam Aristotelis commentaria. Edited by Marie-Raymond Cathala. Taurini: Marietti, 1926. [Google Scholar]
  93. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. Quaestiones disputatae de potentia Dei. Vol. 2 of Quaestiones disputatae, 10th ed., edited by Paulus M. Pession. Taurini-Romae: Marietti, 1965. [Google Scholar]
  94. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. Quaestiones disputatae de veritate. Vol. 1. Fasc. 2, QQ 1–7. Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 22. Romae: ad Sanctae Sabinae, 1970. [Google Scholar]
  95. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. Quaestiones disputatae de veritate. Vol. 2, QQ 13–20. Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 22. Romae: ad Sanctae Sabinae, 1972. [Google Scholar]
  96. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. Quaestiones disputatae de veritate. Vol. 3. Fasc. 1, QQ 21–29. Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 22. Romae: ad Sanctae Sabinae, 1973. [Google Scholar]
  97. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. Scriptum super Sententiis magistri Petri Lombardi. Edited by Pierre Mandonnet. Vol. 1. Parisiis: P. Lethielleux, 1929. [Google Scholar]
  98. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. “Summa theologiae Iª.” In Pars Prima Summae Theologiae: A quaestione I ad quaestionem XLIX, ad codices manuscriptos Vaticanos exacta, cum commentariis Thomae de vio Caietani Ordinis Praedicatorum S. R. C. Cardinalis. Opera omnia iussu impensaque Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 4. Romae: Ex Typographia Polyglotta S. C. de Propaganda Fide, 1888. [Google Scholar]
  99. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. “Summa theologiae Iª–IIae.” In Prima secundae Summae theologiae: A quaestione I ad quaestionem LXX, ad codices manuscriptos Vaticanos exacta, cum commentariis Thomae de vio Caietani Ordinis Praedicatorum S.R.C. Cardinalis. Opera omnia iussu impensaque Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 6. Romae: Ex Typographia Polyglotta S. C. de Propaganda Fide, 1891. [Google Scholar]
  100. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis. “Super Boetium De Trinitate.” In Super Boetium De Trinitate: Expositio libri Boetii: De ebdomadibus, Sancti Thomae Aquinatis, 77–171. Opera omnia iussu Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 50. Roma: Commissio Leonina; Paris: Éditions Du Cerf, 1992. [Google Scholar]
  101. Sancti Thomae de Aquino. “Compendium theologiae seu Brevis compilatio theologiae ad fratrem Raynaldum.” In Compendium theologiae: De articulis fidei et ecclesiae sacramentis: Responsio de 108 articulis: Responsio de 43 articulis: Responsio de 36 articulis: Responsio de 6 articulis: Epistola ad ducissam Brabantiae: De emptione et venditione ad tempus: Epistola ad Bernardum abbatem cassinensem: De regno ad regem Cypri: De secreto, Sancti Thomae de Aquino, 5–205. Opera Omnia iussu Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 42. Roma: Editori di San Tommaso, 1979. [Google Scholar]
  102. Sancti Thomae de Aquino. “De ente et essentia.” In De principiis naturae: De aeternitate mundi: De motu cordis: De mixtione elementorum: De operationibus occultis naturae: De iudiciis astrorum: De sortibus: De unitate intellectus: De ente et essentia: De fallaciis: De propositionibus modalibus, Sancti Thomae de Aquino, 315–81. Opera omnia iussu impensaque Leonis XIII P. M. Edita 43. Roma: Roma : Editori di San Tommaso, 1976. [Google Scholar]
  103. Sancti Thomae de Aquino. Summa contra gentiles: Ad codices manuscriptos praesertim sancti doctoris autographata exacta et Summo Pontifici Benedicto XV dedicata: Cum commentariis Francisci de Sylvestris Ferrariensis. 3 vols. Opera omnia iussu impensaque Leonis XIII P. M. Edita, 13–15. Romae: Typis Riccardi Garroni: Apud sedem commissionis leoninae, 1918. [Google Scholar]
  104. Sancti Thomae de Aquino. Summa Theologiae: Cura et Studio Instituti Studiorum Medievalium Ottaviensis ad textum S. Pii Pp. V Iussu Confectum Recognita: Edidit Commissio Piana. Vol. 1. Ottawa: Dominican College of Ottawa, 1941. [Google Scholar]
  105. Sancti Thomae de Aquino. Super librum de causis expositio, a lectione I ad lectionem XXXII. Edited by Henri-Dominique Saffrey. Textus Philosophici Friburgenses. Seriem Moderatur, 4–5. Fribourg: Société Philosophique; Louvain: E. Nauwelaerts, 1954. [Google Scholar]
  106. Sancti Thomas Aquinatis. “Commentum in quatuor libros Sententiarum Magistri Petri Lombardi.” In Sancti Thomae Aquinatis Doctoris Angelici Ordinis Praedicatorum. Opera Omnia 7.2. Parmae: Typis Petri Fiaccadori, 1857. [Google Scholar]
  107. Sancti Thomas Aquinatis. De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas. Edited by L.W. Keeler. Translated by Roberto Busa. Turini, 1954. [Google Scholar]
  108. Scorraille, Raúl de. “Les écrits inédits de Suárez.” Etudes Religieuses 64 (1894): 151–76. [Google Scholar]
  109. Scorraille, Raúl de. François Suárez de la Compagnie de Jésus, d’après ses lettres, ses autres écrits inédits et un grand nombre de documents nouveaux. Vol. 1. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1911. [Google Scholar]
  110. Scorraille, Raúl de. El P. Francisco Suárez, de la Compañía de Jesús, según sus cartas, sus demás escritos inéditos y crecido número de documentos nuevos. Translated by Pablo José Hernández. 2 vols. Barcelona: E. Subirana, 1917. [Google Scholar]
  111. Stone, Martin William Francis. “Scholastic Schools and Early Modern Philosophy.” In The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, edited by Donald Rutherford, 299–327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521822424.012 [Google Scholar]
  112. Stróżewski, Władysław. “Metafizyka jako nauka.” Studia Mediewistyczne 27, no. 2 (1990): 3–27. [Google Scholar]
  113. Suárez, Francisco. Commentaria una cum quaestionibus in libros Aristotelis De Anima. Edited, with an introduction, by Salvador Castellote. Vol. 3. Madrid: Fundatión Xavier Zubiri, 1991. [Google Scholar]
  114. Suárez, Francisco. De Divina Substantia. Editio nova. Edited by Carolo Berton. Opera Omnia 1. Parisiis: Apud Ludovicum Vivès, Bibiopolam editorem, 1856. [Google Scholar]
  115. Suárez, Francisco. Disputationes metaphysicae. Editio nova. Edited by Carolo Berton. Opera Omnia, 25–26. Parisiis: Apud Ludovicum Vivès, Bibiopolam editorem, 1866. [Google Scholar]
  116. Suárez, Francisco. Opus de triplici virtute theologica. Fide, spe, et charitate. In tres Tractatus, pro ipsarum virtutum numero distributum. Moguntiae: Hermann Mylius Birckmann, 1622. [Google Scholar]
  117. Tourpe, Emmanuel. “Différence ontologique et différence ontothéologique.” Revue Philosophique de Louvain 93, no. 3 (1995): 331–69. https://doi.org/10.2143/rpl.93.3.541761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2143/RPL.93.3.541761 [Google Scholar]
  118. Vallgornera, Thomas de. Mystica Theologia Divi Thomae V1 (1890). Kessinger Legacy Reprints. Kessinger Publishing, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  119. Vallgornera, Tomás de. Mystica Theologia Divi Thomae: Utriusque Theologiae Scholasticae et Mysticae Principis. Edited by Joachim Joseph Berthier. Vol. 2. Augustae Taurinorum: Marietti, 1911. [Google Scholar]
  120. Velde, Rudi te. Aquinas on God. The ‘Divine Science’ of the Summa Theologiae. Ashgate Studies in the History of Philosophical Theology. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  121. Vignaux, Paul. Philosophy in the Middle Ages: An Introduction. Translated by E. C. Hall. New York: Meridian Books, 1959. [Google Scholar]
  122. Vries, Hent de. “Philosophia Ancilla Theologiae: Allegory and Ascension in Philo’s on Mating with the Preliminary Studies (De Congressu Quaerendae Eruditionis Gratia).” Bible and Critical Theory 5, no. 3 (2009): 41.1–41.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2104/bc090041 [Google Scholar]
  123. Wai-Leung, John Cheng. A Comparative Study between St. Thomas Aquinas’s Concept of Ipsum Esse Subsistens and the Concept of Qi in the Guanzi’s Four Daoist Chapters. Toronto, Ont.: Grace Institute Press, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  124. Wai-Leung, John Cheng. “The Meaning and Challenge of St. Thomas’s Metaphysical Concept of God as Ipsum Esse Subsistens Today.” Fu Jen International Religious Studies 1, no. 1 (2007): 149–70. [Google Scholar]
  125. Werner, Karl. Franz Suarez und die Scholastik der letzten Jahrhunderte. Vol. 1. Regensburg: Manz, 1861. [Google Scholar]
  126. White, Kevin, ed. Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of Discovery. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 29. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  127. Wippel, John F. The Metaphysical Thought of Thomas Aquinas: From Finite Being to Uncreated Being. Monographs of the Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy 1. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  128. Wolfson, Harry Austryn. “St. Thomas on Divine Attributes.” In Mélanges offerts à Etienne Gilson, de l’Académie française, 673–700. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies; Paris: J. Vrin, 1959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004609761_035 [Google Scholar]
  129. Wundt, Max. Diedeutsche Schulmetaphysikdes 17. Jahrhunderts. Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur Philosophie und ihrer Geschichte 29. Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1939. [Google Scholar]
  130. Ziemiański, Stanisław. “Was Suárez Essentialist?” Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 15, no. 28 (2009): 9–23. [Google Scholar]

Downloads

Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.

Ähnliche Artikel

<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >> 

Sie können auch eine erweiterte Ähnlichkeitssuche starten für diesen Artikel nutzen.