Homonymy, as a universal linguistic phenomenon, is not confined to the system of a single language; when it crosses its boundaries, it becomes an interlingual phenomenon. The article examines the word-formation properties of Russian–Polish homonymous pairs. The types of homonyms discussed display specific modes of realization, shaped by the semantic functioning of the respective lexical items in each language. The analysis demonstrates that interlingual homonyms originating from a common etymon particularly clearly highlight the national characteristics of both the external and internal (semantic) structure of lexemes in related languages.
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