In the history of pre-partition Poland, only 11 Poles received the cardinal dignity. The reasons for this state of affairs are various, including: political disputes between the clergy, as well as the distance of Poland from Rome, which prevents full participation in the life of the Church. In the 17th century, Polish monarchs began to seek cardinal nominations, which led to the creation of rules regulating these nominations to avoid disputes between bishops. Even though the cardinal rank was perceived as prestigious, it did not pose a threat to the freedom of the nobility, and the emotions associated with its granting were rather low. The matters of cardinal nominations were the cause of disputes at the highest levels of power and were of political importance.
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